Psych-Neuroscience (Modules 1/2/3)

Front 1

Neuroscience definition

Back 1

A mix between biology, psychology, physiology and biochimistry that studies the nervous system (illnesses and health):

- structure

- connection

- function

Of the brain

Hint 1

Interdisciplinary field / 3 attributes

Front 2

Histology

Back 2

Studying microscopic structures and tissues.

- need to be Fixed - ice, formalin chemical product

- slicing machine is a Microtome

- different stains of colors highlight different structures

Hint 2

Not visible to the naked eye

Front 3

CT scan

Back 3

Computerized Tomography - provides only the structure

Hint 3

Computerized tomography

Front 4

PET scan

Back 4

Positron Emission Tomography - shows function of the brain but not exactly in real time. It also requires a radioactive substance to work.

Hint 4

Positive/Expansion/related to this field

Front 5

MRI and fMRI

Back 5

Magnetic Resonance Imagining - structure. In very great details!

Front 6

EGG

Back 6

Front 7

Evoked potential

Back 7

Measures perception directly through the brain (no indication given from the patient)

Front 8

Stimulation

Back 8

To discover the function of an area.

Can be done during neurosurgery, throu implanted electrodes (done at Doctor's hopsital to treat Alzheimer).

Front 9

Pharmacological methods

Back 9

- Drugs

- Microdialysis: extraction of material to assess chemicals present in a small area

Front 10

Directions

Back 10

Hint 10

4

Front 11

Planes sections

Back 11

Coronal: divides the front from the back of the brain.

Sagital: divides through the medline. Gives a side view. (Divides the left fron the right)

-Midsagital: cut through 2 hemispheres

Horizontal (axial): divides the top grom the bottom of the brain

Hint 11

4

Front 12

Organization of the Nervous system

Back 12

Hint 12

CNS / PNS

2 / 2 + 2

Front 13

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 13

Somatic = Volontary

Autonomic (ANS) = involuntary

Hint 13

2

Front 14

Somatic Nervous System

Back 14

Afferent

Efferent = Exit (to help remembering)

Hint 14

Not automatic + movement of the signals

Front 15

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Back 15

Involuntary

Include the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

Hint 15

Not voluntary

Front 16

Sympathetic Nervous system

Back 16

Hint 16

ANS

Front 17

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Back 17

Hint 17

Not fight or flight

Front 18

Meninges

Back 18

Hint 18

3 layers, harder outside

Front 19

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Back 19

Produced by Chloroid plexus (inside ventricles).

Purpose: float the brain/protect

Front 20

The Hindbrain (brainstem)

Back 20

- Medulla oblongata

- Pons

- Cerebellum

- Reticular formation

BASIC LIFE SUPPORT:

Breathing, heart beath

Hint 20

4 component

Front 21

Medulla

Back 21

Part of the brainstem.

Controls heart rate and respiration.

Hint 21

Brainstem

Front 22

Pons

Back 22

Part of the brainstem.

Is a bridge between the right brain and the left

Hint 22

No function

Front 23

Cerebellum

Back 23

Part of the brainstem.

Volontary movement and coordination.

Front 24

Reticular formation

Back 24

Part of the brainstem.

Arousal and sleep

Hint 24

My favorite thing

Front 25

The Midbrain

Back 25

Hint 25

4 components

Front 26

Superior and inferior colliculi

Back 26

Part of the midbrain

Visual and auditory respectively

Hint 26

2 senses

Front 27

Periaqueducal gray

Back 27

Part of the midbrain.

Pain and analgesia (pain relief)

Hint 27

Tylenol

Front 28

Red nucleus

Back 28

Part of the midbrain

Movement

Hint 28

Like Cerebellum

Front 29

Substantia nigra

Back 29

Part of the midbrain

Movement

Hint 29

Like Cerebellum

Front 30

Thalamus (forebrain)

Back 30

Routes for incoming sensory information to cortex

Hint 30

Senses

Front 31

Hypothalamus (Forebrain)

Back 31

Hunger, thirst, sex and body temperature (temperature control)

Hint 31

Area of needs/desire and C°

Front 32

Basal Ganglia (Forebrain)

Back 32

Volontary movement

Hint 32

Like somatic NS, function.

4 components: CN, P, GP,SN

Front 33

Limbic System (Forebrain)

Back 33

Emotion and Motivation, Learning, Personality

- Septal area: rage, attack

- Amygdala: fear and anxiety, sometimes rage too

- hypothalamus: body temperature, thirst, hunger, sex

- Cingulate gyrus: loneliness area, fomo, social pain, empathy

- Olfactory bulbs: smell

- Mamillary bodies: part of hypothalamus, part of memory, and spatial environment

- Hippocampus: processing memories

- Fornix: pathway

Hint 33

Emotion, learning and memory

8 components: SA, A, H, CG, OB, MB, H, F

Front 34

Cerebral Cortex (Forebrain)

Back 34

Higher cognitive function

Hint 34

Hills vs valleys

4 lobes

Localization of function

Einstein's most developed part of the brain.

Front 35

Lobes (Part of Cortex)

Back 35

Hint 35

4 lobes: F, P, O, T

Front 36

Frontal lobe (Cortex)

Back 36

Planning, judgment, personality, motor cortex

Front 37

Parietal lobe (Cortex)

Back 37

Association areas, sensory cortex

Hint 37

Functions

Front 38

Occipital lobe (Cortex)

Back 38

Visual cortex

Hint 38

Function

Front 39

Temporal lobe (Cortex)

Back 39

Auditory cortex

Hint 39

Function

Front 40

Back 40

Hint 40

7 components

Front 41

Soma/cell body (Neuron)

Back 41

Signal processing, life support center

Front 42

Dendrites (Neuron)

Back 42

Input

Hint 42

Branch like receptors

Front 43

Axon (Neuron)

Back 43

Signal transmission

Hint 43

Longest part of the neuron

Front 44

Myelin sheath (Neuron)

Back 44

Layers of insulating cells that protects the axon

Hint 44

Hot dog bun

Front 45

Nodes of Ranvier (Neuron)

Back 45

The segment on axon between 2 myelin sheath

Hint 45

The space in between

Front 46

Axon terminal (Neuron)

Back 46

Output

Hint 46

Branch like ends

Front 47

Synaptic vesicles

Back 47

Bags containing the neurotransmitters

Hint 47

At the end of the process

Front 48

- Axons transmit...

- Action potentials originate in the...

- Most axons are insulated by...

- Axon terminals contain ...

- ... receive input from other neurons

Back 48

Front 49

The Cell Membrane

- Separates the ... and ... f...

- Proteins ion channels ...

Back 49

Front 50

-The movement of ions is controlled by the cell membrane.

- extracellular fluid charge?

- intracellular fluid charge?

- large protein molecule charge?

- Potassium ion charge?

- Sodium ion charge?

- Chloride ion charge?

Back 50

Front 51

Equilibrium potentials for each ions?

- Na+ (Sodium ion)

- K+ (Potassium ion)

- Cl- (Chloride ion)

Back 51

Equilibrium potentials dictate te movement of the ions through the membrane. When it goes with his gradient it calls diffusion.

Sodium ions (Na+) diffuse inside the membrane

Front 52

Resting (membrane) potential

Back 52

- 70 mV

This is the difference between inside the membrane and outside the membrane

Hint 52

Voltage + definition

Front 53

Sodium potassium pump

Back 53

For every 2 potassium ions (K+) pumped into the cell, it pumps out 3 sodium ions (Na+). This make it that there are more sodium ions outside than there is potassium ions inside. So even if both are positive, the ousite is More positive. Plus the large negative protein inside the membrane keep the inside of the cell negatively charged.

Hint 53

Charges inside vs outside of the cell

Front 54

The movement of ions accross the membrane creates...

Back 54

The action potential starts at the hillock. It reaches a threshold (-65 or 55 mV), due to a change in voltage (depolarization), it then opens voltage dependent channels and propagates all the way down the axon until the sodium ions channels stops and calcium channels open instead, creating the synaptic vesicles for Exocytosis.

Front 55

Ions channels

Back 55

Allows the movement of ions through the cell membrane. Creating Action Potential.

- Ligand-gated (transmitter) channel: needs a neurotransmitter/chemical to open.

- voltage-dependent channels: open and close depending on the nearby electrical charge (intracellular voltage)

Hint 55

2 types

Front 56

Depolarization

Back 56

Hint 56

Like a battery

Front 57

Steps to Action Potential

Back 57

Hint 57

Treshold, opening, expansion

Front 58

Action potential graph and relative refractory period

Back 58

Relative Refractory Period: period of time when the neuron cannot emits a signal again because of hyperpolarization.

- Sodium channel open to let sodium ions in at the -65 (or -55) mV threshold.

- Potassium channel, opens to leave potassium ions out of the cell around 30mV.

- Sodium channel, closes at 40mV. Signals calms down.

- potassium channel, closes below -70mV and creates hyperpolarization

Front 59

The synapse

Back 59

Hint 59

Definition

Front 60

Exocytosis

Back 60

Translation: Existing the cytoplasm

When the action potential arrives at the axon terminal there is no more voltage dependent sodium channels.

When -65mV is reached, voltage dependent Calcium channels opens, and the influx of calcium causes vesicles to fuse with membrane and release neurotransmitters into synapse.

Hint 60

Existing the cytoplasm

Front 61

Neurotransmitters released in Exocytosis

Back 61

Calcium channels open to Calcium Ions (Ca++) which causes synaptic vesicle to release from microtubules.

The more calcium the more neurotransmitters get released.

Synaptic vesicles (bags) recycle and get reused.

Hint 61

What causes the Exocytosis

Front 62

Receptor type

Back 62

Autoreceptors: monitors neuron's activity level and provide feedback that can essentially slow down the action potential.

For example it analyzes that there are a lot of seritonin in the synapse and order to slow down.

Hint 62

3 types

Front 63

Ionotropic receptor

Back 63

Also known as Ligand-gated channels = binding of neurotransmitters.

Front 64

Metabotronic receptors

Back 64

Front 65

EPSPs

Back 65

Hint 65

Effects of neurotransmitters binding

Front 66

IPSPs

Back 66

Hint 66

Effects of neurotransmitters binding

Front 67

Deactivation of Neurotransmitters

Back 67

- Diffusion

- Enzyme (breakdown)

- Reuptake

Hint 67

3 methodes