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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is developmental psych?
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The study of the origins of human behavior and the mechanisms of physical, cognitive, and social changes from conception to death
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what are the sources of development?
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nature vs. nurture
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explain nature as a source of development
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genetic contribution to behaviour (ex. x and y chromosomes determine sex)
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explain nurture as a source of development
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environmental contributions to behaviour (ex. androgens required for development of male gonads)
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what is behavioural genetics
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establishing the genetic and environmental contributions to individual variation in human behavior
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what is general intelligence
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underlies performance on tests of higher-order mental abilities
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what is Fluid intelligence
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learning and problem-solving potential (relatively culture-free tasks, e.g., pattern completion)
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what is crystalized intelligence
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reflects cultural knowledge (e.g., vocabulary)
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what is heritability
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degree to which variation in a trait in a given population can be accounted for by the genetic variation within that population
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what is the heritability coefficient
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var. due to genes/ (var. due to genes + var.
due to environment) |
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what is the flynn effect
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substantial increase in average scores on intelligence tests all over the world
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what are continuous and discontinuous development?
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continuous - add on to something that was there (coral)
discontinuous - go through stages (butterfly) |
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what are the periods of prenatal development?
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germinal, embryonic, fetal
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what is cephalo-caudal physical development?
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head to toe
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what is proximo distal physical development?
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central axis (heart) then limbs
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what senses are part of the prenatal experience?
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touch, hearing, taste and smell (limited/no sight)
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what are the monocular cues to depth perception?
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movement, pictorial cues, binocular cues
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describe and infants auditory perception
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fully functional at birth; can discriminate sounds more easily than adults can
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what is a reflex
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Fixed reactions to specific environmental stimulations
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what reflexes does an infant have?
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swimming, grasp, step, crawl, tonic neck
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what is constructivist theory and who came up with it
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jean piaget - Children discover, or construct, their knowledge about the world through their own activity
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what is a schema?
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A mental blueprint for action; Basic schema is the reflex, e.g., sucking
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what is assimilation?
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transformation of incoming information to fit existing ways of thinking
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what is accommodation?
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adapting thinking to fit new experiences
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what/when is the sensorimotor stage
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Children move from purely reflexive behavior to the beginning of symbolic thought and goal-directed behavior (0-2 years)
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what/when is the preoperational stage?
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Thinking becomes based on mental representations (2-7 years)
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what/when is the concrete operational stage?
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Children can reason about transformations involving concrete, directly perceived events and objects (7-12 years)
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what/when is the formal operations theory?
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the ability to think in a systematic way about all logical relations in a problem (12 and older)
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during what stage does object permanence occur?
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sensorimotor
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during what stage does egocentrism occur?
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preoperational
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during what stage does conservation occur?
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concrete operational
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what is sociocultural theory and who came up with it?
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Children are active seekers of knowledge but not solitary agents; The child apprentices how to function effectively in a complex social environment; lev vygotsky
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what is the zone of proximal development? how is it used?
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The range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can accomplish with the help of adults and more skilled peers; teachers put students in zones
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what is inductive reasoning
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a process that leads from specific observations to more general claims (the sun will rise tomorrow)
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what is deductive reasoning?
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inferring specific instances from general principles or rules (if someone is a friend then they will go to the movies w/ me)
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what is language
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a system of signs and rules used to convey meaning
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what is arbitrariness?
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signs do not resemble what they stand for
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what is displacement in language?
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signs convey meaning in the absence of their referent (ex. talking about the moon when it isn't there)
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what is generativity in language?
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potentially an infinite number of sentences
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what are speech phones?
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all possible speech sounds
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what are phonemes?
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the sound categories that matter in a language
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what are morphemes?
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The smallest meaningful units in a language
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what are words?
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language units made up of one or more morphemes that can stand alone
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what is grammar?
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the rules that specify permissible arrangements of units at one level to produce a unit at the higher level.
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what is babbling? what characterizes it at 10 months?
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repetetive consonant-vowel combos, native properties of language (combine what sounds like their native language)
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what is the critical period?
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a period in the life of an organism when specific biological and environmental events must occur in order for development to proceed normally
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what did lenneberg say about critical period hypothesis? examples?
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Children can acquire native competency in a language only if they are exposed to it before puberty; victor of aveyron, genie
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what is a pidgin language?
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a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common.
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are children born w/ an innate language acquisition device?
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Children’s brains appear to be “experience ready,” i.e., ready for encountering a language-like system of communication; Maybe just a general pattern-recognition device?
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what is an example of egocentric frame of reference in language?
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on MY left
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what is an example of an absolute frame of reference in language?
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NORTH of the circle
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what is the linguistic relativity hypothesis?
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Differences between languages will be paralleled by non-linguistic cognitive differences in the native speakers of these languages.
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what is social cognition?
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How people reason and make judgments about other people
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what is the preconventional stage of moral reasoning?
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avoid punishment, get rewards
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what is the conventional stage of moral reasoning?
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avoid disapproval and gain approval, "law and order"
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what is the postconventional stage of moral reasoning?
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social contract, conscience
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what is the theory of mind?
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the interrelated set of ideas about own and others’ mental states - feelings, perceptions, and thoughts - and how these are related to behavior
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how does theory of mind develop?
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through forming and testing hypotheses; Through becoming better at simulating other people’s experience
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what are the characteristics of autism
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trouble interacting w/ others/communicating, Restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests
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what is attachment?
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"the propensity to make strong emotional bonds to particular individuals [is] a basic component of human nature, already present in germinal form in the neonate"
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what is the basis of attachment in infants
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nourishment, secure base
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what are the steps in building a bond?
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reflexive smiling, indiscriminate social smiling, recognizing familiar people, separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, recognizing caregiver's needs
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what are the 3 attachment styles?
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secure, avoidant, anxious resistant
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what is socialization?
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The process through which children acquire the values, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their roles in their community
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what is altruism?
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selfless concern about the welfare of others
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what is a gender role?
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behavioral patterns that a culture deems appropriate for each sex
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what is gender identity?
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inner sense of being male, female, or neither
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