Psych Midterm 2

Front 1

attachment style: confident, trusting positive, intimacy and independent

Back 1

Secure Attachment

Front 2

independent, appear to avoid attachment, suppress feelings

Back 2

Insecure-Avoidant

Front 3

want intimacy but afraid to trust, "I'll get hurt" very insecure

Back 3

Insecure-Resistant

Front 4

Difficulty figuring out what they want indecisiveness, inconsistent

Back 4

Disorganized

Front 5

Stage of Moral Development:
Focus on Consequences

Back 5

Pre-Conventional

Front 6

Stage of Moral Development:
Focus on adhering to social rules

Back 6

Conventional

Front 7

Stage of Moral Development:
Focus on core principles

Back 7

Post-Conventional

Front 8

Stages of Cognitive Development:
Object permanence, A-not-B error, (0-2 years)

Back 8

Sensorimotor

Front 9

Stages of Cognitive Development:
Egocentrism, conservation (2-6 years)

Back 9

Pre-Operational

Front 10

Stages of Cognitive Development:
Logical thinking (concrete events) (6-11 years)

Back 10

Concrete Operational

Front 11

Stages of Cognitive Development:
Abstract concepts, deductive reasoning (11+ years)

Back 11

Formal Operational

Front 12

Fundamental Biological Stages:
Fertilization and implantation (conception - week 2)

Back 12

Germinal Stage

Front 13

Fundamental Biological Stages:
Cell division and differentiation (week 2-8)

Back 13

Embryonic Stage

Front 14

Fundamental Biological Stages:
Rapid growth, organ maturation, Brain development cell migration and myelination vulnerable to teratogens (week 9- birth)

Back 14

Fetal Stage

Front 15

can cause facial birth defects (lips nad eyes) as well as neurological damage less brain volume and shallow sulci

Back 15

FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)

Front 16

His theories: Children's errors are consistent, stage oriented approach with a logical progression, stages are age-independent in theory but are often associated with ages fro typical development milestones and advancements

Back 16

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

Front 17

Categories of Developmental Psychology:
Physical and neurological growth

Back 17

Biological Development

Front 18

Categories of Developmental Psychology:
Growth of mental abilities, capacities

Back 18

Cognitive Development

Front 19

Categories of Developmental Psychology:
Intra-and inter-personal growth, moral development

Back 19

Social development

Front 20

Intrinsic/ extrinsic motivation
ex: doing yard work.
things to consider: ho hard we work/how much we enjoy the process

Back 20

Source of Motivation I

Front 21

Approach/ Avoidance motivation
using stategy for one's advantage

Back 21

Source of Motivation II

Front 22

Concious/ Unconscious motivation
mainly driven by the unconscious Thematic Apperception Tests

Back 22

Source Motivation III

Front 23

Eat to feel better. Revelsals to avoid weight gain

Back 23

Bulemia

Front 24

Distorted body image. High levels of ghrelin.

Back 24

Anorexia

Front 25

Body Mass Index (BMI) is high
Medicating with food
Anorexogenic trigger malfunctioning?

Back 25

Obesity

Front 26

-need to obtain nutrients
-PNS hunger signals: ghrelin promotes feeding, leptin reduces the drive to feed.
-CNS hunger signals: lateral hypothalamus promotes feeding, ventromedial hypothalamus reduces drive to feed.

Back 26

Hunger

Front 27

Pyramid
Bottom -> Up
physiological needs, safety and security needs, belonging-ness and love needs, esteem needs, need for self-actualization

Back 27

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Front 28

Aspect of Motivation:
departure from homeostasis, motivation to bridge the gab between instincts and motivation

Back 28

Drives

Front 29

Aspect of Motivation:
fundamental examples:
keep living, sleeping, eating to survive

Back 29

Instincts

Front 30

"Pursue good things, avoid bad things."
Aristotle, seek pleasure, avoid pain.

Back 30

Hedronic Principle

Front 31

Theory of the Function of Dreaming:
Latent, appropriate thoughts. Playground for the unconscious

Back 31

Freud and the Unconscious

Front 32

Theory of the Function of Dreaming:
Brain tries to make sense and tries to nterpret random neural firing

Back 32

Activation-Synthesis model

Front 33

Slow-wave and Procedural memory? REM and other types of memory?

Back 33

Memory Consolidation

Front 34

Intense emotion
Illogical thought
Vividness
Uncritical acceptance
Difficulty with remembering

Back 34

Five major characteristics of dreaming

Front 35

Sleep Disorder:
inability to fall asleep/ stay asleep
exacerbated by stress

Back 35

Insomnia

Front 36

Sleep disorder:
Stop breathing when you sleep

Back 36

Sleep Apnea

Front 37

Sleep disorder:
almost randomly fall asleep

Back 37

Narcolepsy

Front 38

Bodily regulation
Attention and Performance
Learning and memory
Emotion regulation

Back 38

Functions of Sleep

Front 39

Sawtooth waves (fast, random)
Progression of sleep was fast then to slow.
high frequency brain waves
darting eye movements
increased heart rate/
breathing rate
stage when you dream

Back 39

REM sleep

Front 40

beta waves

Back 40

Awake

Front 41

onset of alpha waves

Back 41

Drowsy and relaxed

Front 42

Sleep Stage:
onset of theta waves

Back 42

Stage 1 sleep

Front 43

Sleep Stage:
Sleep spindles and a K complex; 2 distinct waves

Back 43

Stage 2 sleep

Front 44

Sleep Stage:
delta activity

Back 44

Stage 3/ Stage 4 sleep

Front 45

Property of Conciousness:
fact that we can direct our attention
-overt vs. covert

Back 45

Intentionality

Front 46

Property of Conciousness:
Want to pay attention to one thing at a time.
-resistance to divide resources
-differences in productivity

Back 46

Unity

Front 47

Property of Conciousness:
Focus on one thing at expense of others
-Focusing and attenuating
-Dichotic listening task
-Cocktail Party effect

Back 47

Selectivity

Front 48

Property of Conciousness:
Attention wants to shift from one thing to another
-tendency to shift our attention
-trade-off between sustained attention an transcience
-exaggerated in ADD?

Back 48

Transcience

Front 49

Reasoning:
general -> specific
ex: all apples are fruit. all fruit grow on trees. all apples grow on trees.

Back 49

Deductive Reasoning

Front 50

Reasoning:
specific -> general
ex: My apartment in Davis sucks. All apartments in Davis suck.

Back 50

Inductive Reasoning

Front 51

Influences on Decision Making:
ex: Deadly disease and treatment there is 30% chance you'll live. They say that instead of: there is a 70% chance you're going to die.

Back 51

Framing Effects

Front 52

Influences on Decision Making:
ex: watching a lousy movie- since I already watched 40 mins of it, might as well watch the rest - even though I hate the movie.

Back 52

Sunk- Cost Fallacy

Front 53

Mental Shortcuts.
- confuse familiarity with frequency
- gambler's fallacy

Back 53

Heuristics

Front 54

Knowledge and memories you've gained from the past.
Accuracy and amount of information available for processing
(SAT's)

Back 54

Crystalized Intelligence

Front 55

Ability to process information. ability to reason and problem solve
(LSAT's)

Back 55

Fluid Intelligence

Front 56

Surveyed Literature...
Eight Abilities of Intelligence:
Memory and Learning, Visual Perception, Auditory Perception, Retrieval Ability, Cognitive Speediness, Processing Speed, Crystalized Intelligence, Fluid Intelligence

Back 56

Carroll's Intelligence Theory (1993)

Front 57

Individual talents vs. Successful Intelligences
Three Components:
Analytic Intelligence (problem solving), Creative Intelligence (deal with new situations), Practical Intelligence (adopt, strengths/weakenesses)

Back 57

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory (1985)

Front 58

Eight Intelligences:
visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, bodily-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, musical, intrapersonal, naturalistic

Back 58

Gardener's Multiple Intelligences (1983)

Front 59

Quality of Correlations: Tests differ in correlation magnitude.
Primary mental abilities:
Word Fluency, verbal Comprehension. number, space, memory, perceptual speed, reasoning

Back 59

Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities (1938)

Front 60

1) Factor analysis approach
-general intelligence (g) (underlying intelligence that everyone has
-specific intelligence (s)
2) Consistency and variability
-Do well on one, tend to do well on others. Correlations strong but not perfect

Back 60

Spearman's Two-Factor Theory

Front 61

Higher your score, the more intelligent you are. Compares between ages

Back 61

Terman (1916) Ratio IQ

Front 62

Your test score/ average score for your age x 100

Back 62

Deviation IQ

Front 63

Fluent but meaningless speech
Impaired comprehension
Thinks nothing is wrong with them
Not impaired prosody

Back 63

Wernicke's Aphasia

Front 64

Non-fluent speech
Comprehension Intact
Aware that something is wrong with them
Imparied prosody

Back 64

Broca's Aphasia

Front 65

Stroke from eating too much junk food - arteries build up with plaque

Back 65

Thrombotic Stroke

Front 66

Stroke from blood clot or sudden air bubble that gets stuck and blocks blood flow.

Back 66

Embolic Stroke

Front 67

Stroke caused by weakening in blood vessel, then ruptures or bursts, blood coming NOT through vein is toxic for the brain

Back 67

Hemorragic stroke.

Front 68

Language Learning Theory:
limitations:
-explicit instruction
-dynamic generation (produce a word they've never heard before)
-types of errors (i.e. "runned")
They see syntax patterns of other words and try to apply them

Back 68

Behaviorist account

Front 69

Language Learning Theory:
LAD (Language Acquisition Device) Thought we were born with mental device to learn language.

Back 69

Nativist Theory (Noam Chompsky)

Front 70

Statistical irregularities in language.
Speaking different words in a sentence

Back 70

Parsing ( Jenny Saffron)

Front 71

Component of Language:
Study of Meaning
literal meaning
(potential) source of confusion -effect of the context

Back 71

Semantics

Front 72

Component of Language:
grammar
rules: noun, verb
surface vs. deep structure
one goal of formal education

Back 72

Syntax

Front 73

Component of Language:
Study of Meaning
-indirect speech
-metaphors
-sarcasm

Back 73

Pragmatics

Front 74

Study of what makes up words
-bound vs free morphenes
-content vs. fucntional morphemes

Back 74

Morphology

Front 75

Component of Language:
Study of Souund
-cross-language variability.
-phonological rules (many sounds followed by a limited range of sounds

Back 75

Phonology

Front 76

-Displacement
-Arbitrariness
-Productivity
-Learnability

Back 76

Aspects of Language

Front 77

Albert Bandura (1925 - present)
Bobo experiment

Back 77

Social learning theory

Front 78

decodes other people's actions and makes it your own

Back 78

pre-motor cortex

Front 79

uses dopamin in a different way, not for movement. "pleasure center"

Back 79

nucleus accumbens

Front 80

neural basis for observational learning/ mirror neuron theory

Back 80

Giacomo Rizzolati