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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Suppression.
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When one's aware of a thought or feeling, but they do not act on it
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Define Projection.
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Placing unacceptable impulses in yourself, onto someone else
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Define Displacement.
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placing the blame on something or someone that cannot fight back
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Define Reaction formation.
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When a person takes the opposite belief of what they really feel because what they truly feel would cause anxiety or would be inappropriate
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Define Regression
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When you as an adult revert momentarily back to an earlier stage of development
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Define Denial.
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When one knows something to be true but they refuse to believe it
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Define Rationalization.
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Making excuses to rationalize your behavior.
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Who developed Defense Mechanisms?
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Sigmund Freud
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Define personality.
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Distinctive an relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes a person through life
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Define trait.
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A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling
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What are psychodynamic influences?
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Theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual
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Define Id in regards to The Structure of Personality.
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Id operates according to the pleasure principle, expresses sexual and aggressive instincts, and it is present at birth
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Define Ego in regards to The Structure of Personality.
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Ego operates according to the reality principle, mediates between desires of the id and demands of the superego, emerges after birth with early formative experiences
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Define superego.
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Represents our conscience and the rules of society, follows internalized moral standards
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What were Randy Pausch's childhood dreams?
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1. Being in Zero Gravity. 2. Playing in the NFL. 3. Writing an article for the World Book and Encyclopedia. 4. Being Captain Kirk. 5. Winning Stuffed Animals. 6. Being a Disney imaginer
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What are 5 lessons Randy Pausch believed would help the enabling of others' dreams?
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1. You need people along the way to help you and the belief of karma. 2. Tell the truth (all the time). 3. Be earnest. 4. Apologize when you screw up. 5. Focus on others, not yourself
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What are some lessons Randy Pausch learned from life?
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1. Be really good at a few things. 2. Work hard. 3. Find the best in everyone, no matter how long you have to wait for them to show it. 4. Wall of medical school at CMU "Preparation favors the prepared mind" (be prepared, luck is where preparation meets opportunity)
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Define the Humanist psychology.
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An approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential
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What are peak experiences?
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Experiences where you have done extremely well at something
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs included what five terms?
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Physiological, Safety, Belongingness, Esteem, and Self-Actualization
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What did Carl Rogers theorize?
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Unconditional positive regard, and conditional positive regard
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Define the unconditional positive regard.
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A situation in which the acceptance and love one receives from significant others in unqualified
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Define the conditional positive regard.
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A situation in which the acceptance and love one receives from significant others is contingent upon one's behavior (if you get all A's then you are a good student/person)
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What positive regard did Carl Rogers NOT believe in?
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Conditional positive regard
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What did Rollo May share with humanists?
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The belief in free will and freedom of choice, but also emphasized loneliness, anxiety, and alienation
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Rollo May is associated with what philosophy?
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Existentialism. The belief that free will confers on us responsibility for our actions.
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What is a narrative approach?
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A life narrative is the story that each of us develops over time to explain ourselves and make meaning of everything that has happened to us
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Define motivation.
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An inferred proves within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation
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What is intrinsic motivation?
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The pursuit of an activity for its own sake
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What is extrinsic motivation?
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The pursuit of an activity for external rewards such as money or fame
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Identical twins have more similar what than fraternal twins?
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Body weight. (even if they were raised apart)
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What are five environment factors affecting weight?
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1. Increased abundance of low cost, very high fat foods. 2. Eating on the run instead of leisurely meals. 3. Energy saving devices such as remote controls. 4. Driving rather than walking or biking. 5. Watching television or videos instead of exercising
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In cultures where food is a rarer commodity, how is fat viewed differently than in America?
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Viewed as a sign of health and affluence in men, and sexual desirability in women
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While people of all ethnicites and social classes have been getting heavier, what has happened to the cultural ideal for white women?
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It has been getting thinner
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How has the cultural ideal for men changed?
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Muscles used to mean working class, now muscular bodies symbolize affluence
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Define Bulimia.
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An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating (binges) followed by forced vomiting or use of laxatives (purging)
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Define Anorexia nervosa.
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An eating disorder characterized by fear of being fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced consumption of food and emaciation
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What are the influences on eating disorders?
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Extremely slim television stars; genetic mutations or set points that conflict with cultural standards; for men, desire to be more "manly"; Unrealistic standards of beauty and self-criticsim; psychological factors such as depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, perfectionism, distorted body image, and pressure from other; extremely slim television stars who are now peaking out about anorexia
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What is the motive to achieve?
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Need for achievement: a learned motive to meet personal standards of success and excellence in a chosen area
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Goals improve motivation when...
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goal is specific, goal is challenging but achievable, goal is framed in terms of approach goals instead of avoidance goals
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What is a performance goal?
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Goals framed in terms of performing well in front of others, being judged favorably, and avoiding criticism
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What is a mastery goal?
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Goals framed in terms of increasing one’s competence and skills
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What is the Self-fulfilling prophecy?
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An expectation that comes true because of the tendency to act in ways to bring it about
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What is Self-efficacy?
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A person’s belief that he/she is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and reaching goals
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What are some conditions that increase job involvement, motivation, and satisfaction?
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work provides sense of meaningfulness, employees have control over part of work, tasks are varied, company maintains clear and consistent rules, employees have supportive relationships with superiors and co-workers, Employees receive useful feedback, Company offers opportunities for growth
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Define Approach-approach conflict.
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Equally attracted to two activities or goals, but you can only chose one. Example: You get into two colleges you life equally, you have to chose one
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Define Avoidance-avoidance conflict.
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Choosing between the "lesser of two evils". Example: taking two courses, both are very difficult, so you have to drop one in order to save the other one
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What is the longest stage of labor?
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first stage
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What are some agents that can cross the placenta?
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German measles, X-rays and radiation, toxic chemicals, sexually transmitted diseases, cigarette smoking, alcohol and other drugs
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What can german measles cause in the fetus?
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blindness
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How can genital warts impact a baby's birth?
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Disease sheds under stress, patient immediately has c-section, baby at risk of immediate contact with disease on vaginal birth
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What are some repercussions of cigarette smoke on a fetus?
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Bad for the baby's lungs, babies smaller in weight and developed some sort of allergy, baby make suffer from second hand smoke
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What are some symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
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Babies born with no upper lip, have an I.Q. of around 58
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Pregnant women are allowed to have what kind of shot?
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Flu shot
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Pregnant women are not allowed to have which medications?
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tylenol or aspirin
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Define a secure attachment.
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A parent-infant relationship in which the baby is secure when the parent is present, distressed by separation, and delighted by reunion
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Define an insecure attachment.
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A parent-infant relationship in which the baby clings to the parent, cries at separation, and reacts with anger or apathy to reunion
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What causes insecure attachment?
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Parenting that is truly abusive, neglectful, or erratic, child’s genetically influenced temperament, stressful circumstances in the family
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What are Baumrind’s four styles of parenting?
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Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, uninvolved
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Define Authoritarian parenting.
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Parents are demanding, controlling and punitive, parents tend to be working class, they teach children to respect authority and traditional structure
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Define Permissive parenting.
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Parents are warm, responsive and non-demanding, parents value a child’s freedom of expression and autonomy, parents are usually middle class, they make few demands for orderly behavior and household tasks
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Define authoritative parenting.
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Parents are demanding and controlling, responsive and supportive, parents are usually middle and upper class, they encourage children to be self reliant and autonomous
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Define uninvolved parenting.
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Parents are indifferent and spend little time interacting with children
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Which style is best for healthy child development?
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Authoritative
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Define gender identity.
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fundamental sense of being male or female, independent of whether the person conforms to social and cultural rules of gender
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Define gender typing.
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Process by which children learn the abilities, interests, personality traits, and behaviors associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture
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What are Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross's five stages of grieving?
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Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance
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Define emotional inhibition.
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A personality trait involving a tendency to deny feelings of anger, anxiety, or fear: stressful situations cause heart rate and blood pressure to rise sharply, people with this trait are more likely to fall ill than people who can acknowledge feelings
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What are some benefits of control?
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When exposed to cold viruses, those who are out of control are more likely to develop colds, low-income individuals with high levels of control report similar quality of life to high-income individuals, managers and executives have fewer illnesses, nursing home residents with greater control are more alert, happier, and live longer
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What are effective cognitive coping methods?
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Reappraising the situation, learning from the experience, making social comparisons, cultivating a sense of humor
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Define Type A Personality.
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Determined to achieve, sense of time urgency, irritable, quick to respond to threat or challenge, impatient with obstacles
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Define Type B Personality.
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calmer, less intense
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What are the stages of General Adaptation Syndrome? What is the goal?
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Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion; goal is to minimize wear and tear on immune system
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Stressors can increase illness when they...
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severely disrupt a person's life, are uncontrollable, are chronic (lasting six months or more)
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