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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the pros of authority/traditional?
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it works to create a knowledge base
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what are the problems with authority/tradition?
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you get disagreements between authorities
slow at self-correction who counts as an authority? |
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what is consensus?
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when a large number of people agree on the truth
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what are problems with consensus?
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what's popular is not always the truth
groups are subject to individual biases |
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what is common sense?
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evaluating the plausibility of what is true
psychology experiments seem to prove the obvious |
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what are problems with common sense?
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we get hindsight bias - "knew it all along"
based on personal experience there may be counterintuitive results |
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panic because of perceived limitation of available resources versus panic because of fear of death demonstrates that which way of knowing is wrong?
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common sense
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what are problems with scientific knowledge?
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no systematic observations
no systematic exploration of other variables no control group not everything is observable |
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what are the three characteristic of science?
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evidence is verifiable, public, and cumulative
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what does it mean for evidence to be verifiable?
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findings can be confirmed + replicated
findings are reliable + valid |
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what does it mean for evidence to be public?
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findings are open to criticism
materials are included in articles promotes conversation |
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what does it mean for research to be cumulative?
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adds to a body of knowledge, taking into account previous results
has generality |
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what are the limitations of experimental designs?
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the external validity of the results is unknown (lab setting)
not known whether results can be generalized |
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what are the advantages of experimental design?
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they investigate cause-effect relationships
they can control variables |
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what are the limitations of knowing by observation?
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the internal validity of the results is unknown
no control over variables behavior may change with observer present |
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what are the parts of experimental design?
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1. precise definitions of variables
2. experimental + control conditions 3. systematic observations 4. controlled conditions + random assignment |
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precise definition of variables
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make sure you have operational definitions
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controlled conditions + random assignment
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be sure there is no systematic grouping
don't assign all one group to be studied at the same time |
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what was the research question of the cell phone study?
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does using a cell phone impair sriving performance?
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what were the variables in the cell phone study?
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cell phone: hand held, hands free
use: have a conversation driving: pursuit tracking performance: miss red light, speed of reaction to red light |
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what were the experimental conditions in the cell phone study?
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handheld + pursuit
handsfree + pursuit |
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what were the control conditions in the cell phone study?
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radio + pursuit
pursuit alone |
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what were the results of the cell phone study?
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driving was impaired in experimental conditions, regardless cell phone type
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