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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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learning
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a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience.
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how do we learn? and who suggested how we lean?
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we learn by association. 2000 years ago aristotle suggested law of association. locke and hume reiterated law 200 years ago
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what is stimulus-stimulus learning?
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learning to associate one stimulus with another stimulus
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what is response-consequence learning?
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learning to associate a response with a consequence.
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unconditioned stimulus is...
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stimulus that automatically and naturally triggers a response
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unconditioned response is...
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unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, ex. dog salivates when food is in the mouth.
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conditioned stimulus
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Originally a neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
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conditioned response...
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A learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus.
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how does acquisition occur?
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The CS needs to come half a second before the US for acquisition to occur.
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how does extinction occur?
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When the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone)
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spontaneous recovery is...
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After a rest period, an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers.
If the CS (tone) persists alone, the CR becomes extinct again. |
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Stimulus Generalization
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Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS
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Stimulus Discrimination
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the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
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John B. Watson did what...
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Conditioned Emotional Responses (CERs)
Little Albert Conditioned to fear a white rat Generalized to rabbits and stuffed animals |
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classical conditioning
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forms associations between stimuli (CS and US).
involves respondent behavior automatic responses to stimuli |
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operant conditioning
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forms associations between behaviors and the resulting events.
a behavior that operates on the environment producing rewarding or punishing outcomes |
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Edward Thorndike...
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Mr. leaning until 1930's
Invented the puzzle box to observe learning law of effect. This law states that rewarded behavior is likely to occur again. |
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BF skinner developed what
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Using Thorndike's law of effect as a starting point, Skinner developed the Operant chamber, or the Skinner box, to study operant conditioning.
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shaping is..
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reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations.
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what are reinforcers?
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any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
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Continuous Reinforcement:
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Reinforces the desired response each time it occurs.
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Partial reinforcement
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Reinforces a response only part of the time.
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Fixed-ratio schedule:
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Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
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Variable-ratio schedule:
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Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
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Fixed-interval schedule:
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Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
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Variable-interval schedule:
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Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals,
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what is punishment?
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An aversive event that decreases the behavior it follows.
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Learning by Observation
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Higher animals, especially humans, learn through observing and imitating others.
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