Psych Learning

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social cognitive learning theories

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theories that emphasize how behavior is learned and mantained through observation and imitation of others and cognitive processes such as plans expectations and beliefs

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observational learning

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a process in which an individual. learns new responses by observing the behavior of another instead of. directly aka vicarious conditioning

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learn from the mistakes of others

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latent learning

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a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in performance but is expressed when it needs to be

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mice walked around aimlessly in maze until they found food and expressed their knowledge of the maze by performing as well as the first group

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extrinsic reinforcers

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reinforcers that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced

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money,praise,gold stars, applause, hugs

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intrinsic reinforcers

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reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced

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ex. enjoyment of the task and the satisfaction of accomplishment

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When Punishment Fails

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-People often administer punishment inappropriately
-The recipient of harsh or frequent punishment often responds with anxiey, fear , or rage
-the effectiviness of punishment is often temporary, depending heavily on the presence of the punishing person or circumstances (dont get caught)
-Most misbehavior is hard to punish immediately
_punishment conveys little info about what it SHOULDN'T do instead of not to do
-An action intended to punish may instead be reinforcing because it brings attention

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behavior modification

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the application of operant conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior ;aka behavior analysis

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instinctive drift

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during operant learning, the tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behavior

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shaping

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operating conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced

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successive approximations

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operant conditioning of shaping ; behaviora that are ordered in terms os increasing similarity or closeness to the desired response

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extinction

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eventual disappearance of a learned response ;in operant conditioning, it occurs when a response is no longer followed by a reinforcer

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stimulus generalization

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in operant conditioning, the tendencyfor a response that has been reinforced (or punished) in the presence of one stimulus to occur (or be suppressed) in the presence of similar stimuli

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discriminitive stimulus

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a stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain type of consequence

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continuous reinforcement

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a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is always reinforced

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intemittent (partial) schedule of reinforcement

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a reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is somtimes but not always reinforced

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negative reinforcement

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a reinforcement procedure in which response is followed by the removal,delay,or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus;as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur

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positive reinforcement

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a reinforcement procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus ; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur

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secondary punisher

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a stimulus that has acquired punishing properties through assosciation with other punishers

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secondary reinforcer

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a stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through association with other reinforcers

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primary punisher

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a stimulus that is inherently punishing, ex. electric shock

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primary reinforcer

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a stimulus that is inherently reinforcing, typically satisfying a biological need, ex . food

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punishment

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the process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows

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reinforcement

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the process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows

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operant conditioning

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the process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so , depending on its consequences

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counterconditioning

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the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response

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stimulus discrimination

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the tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli ;in classical conditioning, it occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus fails to evoke the conditioned response