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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Attraction
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: A force that draws people together.
Attraction is broader than simple sexual attraction. Attraction also encompasses the feeling of liking towards friends, and having positive thoughts towards others |
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Gender Differences in Attraction
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Women place greater emphasis than men on traits like vocational status, earning potential, expressiveness, kindness, consideration, dependability and fondness for children.
Men give more consideration to youth, physical attractiveness, cooking ability and frugality. Cross-cultural studies have discovered similar attitudes. |
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Stereotypes of Attractive People
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Attractive people tend to be treated more positively by their peers.
We judge attractive people as popular, intelligent, mentally healthy and fulfilled. We expect attractive people to be persuasive and hold prestigious jobs. We even expect them to be good parents and have stable marriages. |
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The Matching Hypothesis
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People generally seek relationships with people who are similar to themselves in attractiveness and other attributes, such as attitudes
Researchers have found that people who are dating steadily, engaged or married tend to be matched in physical attractiveness. Young married couples even tend to be matched in weight. |
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Proximity
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We tend to develop relationships with individuals in close proximity to us.
People who live closer together also tend to have similar attitudes. |
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Reciprocity
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The tendency to return feelings and attitudes that are expressed about us.
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Friendship Through the Ages
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Elementary school: friends based on proximity
Middle school: friends based on similarity Puberty: seeking friends to share more intimate feelings High school & college: cliques and crowds Adulthood: friends to fight loneliness and boost morale |
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Hendrick's classification system
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Styles of love
Eros (romantic love) Ludus (game-playing love) Storge (friendship love) Pragma (logical love) Mania (possessive or excited love) Agape (selfless love) |
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Sternberg's triangle of love
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PP
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Consummate Love=
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Intimacy + Passion + Commitment
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Intimate relationship
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A relationship characterized by sharing of inmost feelings.
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Social-exchange theory
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A view of the stages of development as reflecting the unfolding of social exchanges, which involve the rewards and costs of maintaining the relationship.
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“A” is for Attraction
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Positive factors in attraction
Negative factors in attraction Initial impressions of another person are mostly visual and a good mood can heighten feelings of attraction. |
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“B” is for Building
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Positive factors in building a relationship include
matching physical attractiveness attitudinal similarity mutual positive evaluations Negative factors include major differences in physical attractiveness attitudinal dissimilarity mutual negative evaluations |
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“C” is for Continuation
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Once a relationship is built, it enters the stage of continuation.
Mutual Cyclical Growth occurs within an environment of trust Trust usually builds gradually as partners learn whether it is safe to share confidences. |
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“D” is for Deterioration
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Positive factors can prevent deterioration:
investing time and effort in the relationship working at improving the relationship being patient Negative factors can lead to deterioration: lack of investment of time and effort deciding to end the relationship allowing deterioration to continue unchecked |
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“E” is for Ending
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Factors that can keep relationships going:
finding sources of satisfaction commitment to making the relationship work Being optimistic about solving problems Social-exchange theory relationships end when negative forces are in sway |
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Mutuality:
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According to Levinger, a phase of the relationship in which two people think of themselves as “we.”
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homogamy
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Most marriages in the United States are based on homogamy (the principle of like marrying like).
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Extramarital Affairs
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Prevalence
Reasons For the sake of variety To break the routine of a confining marriage As a way of expressing hostility Curiosity and desire for personal growth To boost their self-esteem To feel attractive |
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Why the rise in divorce?
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No-fault legislation
Increased economic independence of women Higher expectations of marriage Problems in communication and understanding |
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Factors contributing to the increased proportion of single people:
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Postponement of marriage to pursue educational and career goals.
Cohabitation People getting married at later ages. Less social stigma attached to remaining single. |
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Cohabitation (WHY?)
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Consistent relationship without the legal constraints of marriage
Less commitment toward the relationships Men are more likely to want to avoid the marital commitment. Economic advantages of sharing household expenses |
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Part-time/limited cohabitation:
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start dating someone and spending more and more time at the others residence generally bringing more and more stuff over as relationship deepens
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Premarital Cohabitation:
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people who expect to get married.
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Substitute Marriage:
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long term commitment without getting married
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emotional intelligence
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-form of intelligent behavior
-more important for success in life than IQ |
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Testosterone:
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Male sex hormone that promotes development of male sexual characteristics and activates sexual arousal.
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Issues to consider when choosing contraception:
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Convenience
Moral Acceptability Cost Sharing responsibility Safety Reversibility Protection against STDs Effectiveness |
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Why do Men Rape Women?
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Expression of social dominance
Alcohol Reinforcing males for aggressiveness and competitive behavior. Men may misread women’s resistance as a game of playing hard to get. Delusion that “women actually want it.” |
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Causes of Sexual Dysfunctions
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Many cases of sexual dysfunctions reflect biological problems. Fatigue, diabetes and drugs can all impair sexual performance.
Female sexual arousal disorder more commonly has psychological causes. |
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sexual dysfunctions
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presistent problems with becoming sexually aroused like; premature ejaculation
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sexual expressions in marriage
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a few times a month is most popular, then 2-3 times weekly, then a few times a year, then 4+ times a week
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Goals of Sex Therapy
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Reducing performance anxiety
Changing self-defeating attitudes and expectations Teaching sexual skills Enhancing sexual knowledge Improving sexual communication |
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Which STD is associated with cervical/ovarion cancer
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HPV
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Which STD causes genital warts
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HPV
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Preventing STDs
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Don’t ignore the threat of STDs
Practice Abstinence Engage in a monogamous relationship with someone who is not infected Practice safer sex Don’t use oral sex as an alternative Talk to your doctor if you think you might be infected |
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Extrinsic Motives:
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Motives involving pursuit of external rewards, such as money or approval.
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Intrinsic Motives
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Motives involving pursuit of internal goals, such as self-satisfaction
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Intrinsic Reasons for Working:
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The work ethic
Self-identity Self-fulfillment Self-worth Social values of work Social Roles |
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Self-identity
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our self-identity becomes intertwined with what we do.
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Self-worth
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recognition and respect can contribute to self-esteem
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Self-fulfillment
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jobs can be considered based on whether we find meaning in them, as well
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Super's Career Development Stages
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Fantasy
Tentative choice Realistic choice Maintenance Career change Retirement |
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job satisfaction
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increases with age and income
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Job satisfaction is associated with such factors as:
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opportunity to engage in interesting work
degree of control over work availability of child-care facilities income and fringe benefits. Job satisfaction depends on a variety of factors such as opportunities to garner intrinsic rewards and extrinsic rewards. However, job satisfaction also depends upon the qualities that the worker brings to the job, such as personal traits and attributional style. |
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flextime
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letting employers modify their own schedule
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Burnout:
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A state of mental and physical exhaustion brought on by overcommitment to work or other responsibilities.
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3 components of burnout
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lack of motivation, emotional exhaustion, detachment or depersonalization from the work (don’t care, work doesn’t feel real, in a daze)
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Earnings Gap
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women only earn 3/4 of the income as men
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sexual harassment
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Quid pro Quo
Hostile Environment |
