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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the five steps of scientific investigation |
-formulate a hypothesis -design a study -collect the data -analyze the data to evaluate hypothesis -communicate the results |
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What are three things that non-experimental methods are used to do? |
-initially describe behavior for future research -evaluate behavior that can not be experimentally examined -establish the degree of a relationship between different variables and behavior |
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Descriptive statistics - what is variability? |
Degree to which a group of scores are clustered or distributed apart |
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Inferential statistics |
-used to determine whether numerical differences between scores are relevant -use chance or probability |
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Extraneous variable |
Any variable other than the independent variable that can affect the measure of the dependent variable |
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List three things about non-experimental methods |
-No manipulation of independent variable -no random assignment -cause and effect conclusions are not permitted |
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Non-experimental methods :correlational research |
-employs statistical methods to examine the relationships between two or more variables -allow for predictions of behavior from knowledge of certain variables |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of the correlational technique? |
Advantages -allows us to see how variables or behaviors are co-related so that we can make a prediction Disadvantages -does not use scientific method -can not be ad accurate |
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Scatterplot |
Paired x and y scores for each variable are plotted as singe points |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of the experimental method? |
Advantages -experimental method - can measure and describe behavior -more accurate Disadvantages -needs to do experimentation -can not always perform experiments |
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List two things about operational definitions |
-How variables are practically defined -allows other researchers to assess the validity of your study |
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Descriptive statistics: standard deviation |
Gives measure of variability in standardized form |
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Hypothesis |
Makes a specific prediction resulting from a theory |
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Theory |
-A system of interrelated ideas that are used to describe a set of observations -generate a testable hypothesis |
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What are descriptive statistics used for? |
To summarize behavioral characteristics |
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Central tendancy |
Representative scores |
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Mean |
Average |
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Median |
Middle value of the scores |
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Mode |
Most common score |
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Inferential statistics: what is statistical significance? |
Indicates the observed differences were unlikely to occur on a basis of chance alone (5%) |
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What are experiments and what are one advantage and one disadvantage? |
-Allow researcher to draw conclusion about cause and effect relationships -advantage - strict control of variations -limitation - unexpected variables may influence results, many variables can't be controlled |
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Non-experimental methods: naturalistic observation |
Formal record of observed events in natural setting |
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Dependent variable |
Measured behavior |
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List three things about the Independent variable |
-Potential cause of behavior -manipulated by experimenter -influences change on dependent variable |
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Emperical-empericism |
Learning through observation |
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When two groups are alike in all respects except for variation caused by the manipulation of the independent variable. Then it follows that the difference between the two groups on the dependent variable must be do to what? |
Manipulation of the independent variable |
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Non-experimental methods: surveys are used for what? |
For behaviors that are difficult to observe |
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Double blind |
Both the participants and the experimenter are unaware of the specific treatment condition |
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Experimental group |
Exposed to a particular value of the independent variable manipulated by the experimenter |
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Conceptual level |
Vary vag |
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Placebo affect |
Effect of belief with out the actual influence by the presumed causal agent |
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Non-experimental methods: case study |
Detailed history and analysis of a single individual |
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Why can scientists not prove theories to be true? Despite this limitation, why can progress in our understanding still be made? |
-don't prove a theory true because your theory may easily be disproved by someone -theory can be revised and revisited -excludes what can't be |
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What is the scientific method? |
A set of general procedures used for gathering and interpreting data |
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Concrete |
Specific definition of a variable |
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Control group |
Comparison group exposed to the naturally occurring or zero value of the independent variable |
