Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Structuralism
|
Famous People: Wihelm Wundt, Titchener
Definition: identify the basic elements of the mind:feeling, senstions, images Nature vs Nurture: Nature Free Will vs. Determinism: neither Mind/body issue position: mind Comments: Introspection, apple |
|
|
Functionalism
|
Famous People: William James
Definition: uses of mind as main focus Nurture, free will, mind |
|
|
Gestalt Psychology*
|
Famous People: Kohler,Koffice, Wertheimer
Definition:wholeness and organization of mental events Nature,both free will and determinism, mind Comments: perception, - - - > |
|
|
Psychodynamic
|
Famous People: Freud
Definition: unconcious desires and impulses Nature but nurture up to age 5,determinism, mind Comments: hand going numb |
|
|
Behaviorism
|
Famous People: Watson, Clark Hull, (Pavlov) Skinner Tolmen
Definition: stimulus response associations Nurture,determinism,body Comments: "black box", hand raising |
|
|
Neuroscience
|
how the boy and brain create emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
|
|
|
evolutionary
|
how nature selects traits that promote the perpetuation of ones genes
|
|
|
behavior genetics
|
how much our genes and our enviorment influence our individual diffrences
|
|
|
psychodynamic
|
how behavior springs from unconcious drives and conflicts
|
|
|
behavioral
|
how we learn observable responses
|
|
|
cognitive
|
how we encode, process, store,and retrieve information
|
|
|
social-cultural
|
how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
|
|
|
Laboratory Experiment
|
advantages- you have alot of control and there are no distractions for subject.
Disadvantages: people know something is up Examples- Ash study, Hoza's Lollipop study |
|
|
Feild Experiment
|
Advantages- peoples normal enviorment,still can manipulate, easy to get subjects
Disadvantages-less control Examples- Ms.Hoza's stop sign experiment |
|
|
Naturalistic Observation
(not manipulate) |
advantages- subjects act normal
disadvantages- you cant interger examples- ms.hozas burger king study |
|
|
Survey
|
advantages- efficent way to get alot of people at one time,its anonymous
disadvantages- people can skew results,have to write it to be unbiased examples- leadership |
|
|
Interveiw
|
advantages- lots of details can be given
disadvantages- olny one person at one time, not vast majoirty,time consuming |
|
|
case study
( one person or small group) |
advantages- tons of details
disadvantages- small group, time consuming |
|
|
psychological tests
|
advantages- variable controlled (specific topic)
not easy for some one to deseve disadvantages- can be too specific might not get details |
|
|
Ethics- humans- informed consent
|
tell the participant as much information as possible without giving anything away that needs to be confidental fr the results to be accurate. then the partcipant must agree to take part in the experiment
|
|
|
freedom to withdraw at anytime
|
must be told that at anytime during the experiment if they choose to they can withdraw form it. if they are being paid to participate they must be given payment just for showing up, not just for completing it
|
|
|
debreifing
|
after the expeiriment you must tell the participant the true reason for the experiement and given the option to ask any questions. they must also give them contact information if they needed furhter assistance
|
|
|
confidentiality
|
all results from subjects from be kept confidencial unless agreements have been made other wise. results can be reported in a way that indivvidual data cannot be identified
|
|
|
independent
|
the exper. factor that is manipulated thats variavle whos effect is being studied
|
|
|
dependent
|
the experimental factor- in psych the behavioror mental process- that is being measured; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the IV
|
|
|
controlled
|
e
|
|
|
cofounding
|
e
|
|
|
placebo effect
|
any effect on behavior caused by a placebo
|
|
|
experimental vs control
|
e
|
|
|
blind vs. double blind
|
e
|
|
|
within vs between subjects
|
e
|
|
|
representative sampling
|
e
|
|
|
random assignment
|
assigning participants to experimetnal and control conditions by chance thus minimising preexisitng differences b/w those assigned to different groups
|
|
|
John Watson- Little Albert
|
gave him rat, wasnt scared, rat with a loud noise was scared and then scared of everything furry
concluded- fear can be conditioned and generalized |
|
|
Harry Harlow- monkeys
|
had monkey pick wire mom with food or comfort of cloth mom.
concluded: infant child-mother attachment importance of contact comfort |
|
|
Phineaus Gage's sage
|
pole went through brain in 1848 at age 26 lived to 38. it severd is frontal lobe. wasnt able to make judgements?
|
|
|
Clive Wearing
|
suffered memory damage following viral encephalitis. damage to his - right and left temporal lobe specifically the hippocampus and his left frontal lobe
|
|
|
Joe
|
split brain patient. suffered from severe epilepsy and had his corpus callosum cut
|
|
|
Ethics of Animals
|
- need food,water, shelter- must be able to turn around in their cage
- no unneeded pain- try on yourself first to know if its too much pain - if bad conditions or harm is needed for expeirment-must relate to human- it has to be for short periods of time - animals must be obtained legally - must use lowest order animal possible for expeirment - if animal cant live normal lab life after must be put down humanly -only applies to psych test |
|
|
hindsight bias
|
the tendency to believe after learning an outcome that would have foreseen it
|
|
|
placebo
|
an inert substance or condition that may be administered or conditioned instead of a presumed active agent such as a drug to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterize the active agent
|
|
|
dendrite
|
the bushy branching exensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
|
|
|
myelin sheath
|
a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses hops from one node to the next
|
|
|
action potential
|
a neural impulse a breif electrical cahrge that rravles down an axon. the action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axons membrane
|
|
|
synapse
|
the junction b/w the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the cell body of the receiving neuron the tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft
|
|
|
neurotransmitters
|
chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps b/w neurons when released the sending neuron neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse
|
|
|
frontal lobe
|
the portion of the cerebral cortex lyingjust behind the forehead. involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements
|
|
|
parietal lobes
|
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear includes sensory cortex which processes and registers body sensations
|
|
|
occipital lobe
|
lying at the back of the head includes visual areas which visual information from the opposite visual feild
|
|
|
temporal lobe
|
lying roughly above the ears includes the auditory areas each of which receives auditory information primalriy from the opposite ear
|
|
|
motor cortex
|
in frontal long controls voluntary movements
|
|
|
association areas
|
involved in higher mental functions such as learning remembering thinking and speaking
|
|
|
brocas area
|
in frontal lobe directs muscle movements involved in speech
|
|
|
angular gyrus
|
transfroms visual represntations into auditory code
|
|
|
visual cortex
|
receives written words as visual stimulation
|
|
|
wernickes area
|
involved in language comprehension and expression usually in left temporal lobe- interperts code from angualr gyrus
|
|
|
corpus callosum
|
band of neural fibers connecting brain hemishperes and carrying messages between them
|
|
|
medulla
|
controls heartbeat and breathing- base of the brainstem
|
|
|
brainstem
|
responsible for automatic survival functions-- where spinal cord swells and enters the brain
|
|
|
reticualr formation
|
a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
|
|
|
thalamus
|
brains sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem directs messages to the sensory receiving ares in teh cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
|
|
|
cerebellum
|
the little brain attached to the rear of the brainstem helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance
|
|
|
limbic system
|
system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem associated with emotions such as fear and agression and drives such as those for food and sex includes= hippocampus amygdala and the hypothalamus
|
|
|
amygdala
|
linked to emotion
|
|
|
hypothalamus
|
below the thalamus it directs several maintenance activites(eating drinking body temp) helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland and is linked to emotion
|
