Psych Final - Supp Ch. 1 Behaviorist Views Of Learning

Front 1

behaviorism

Back 1

theoretical perspective in which learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus-response relationships

Front 2

conditioning

Back 2

term commonly used by behaviorists

Front 3

response (R)

Back 3

specific behavior that an individual exhibits

Front 4

stimulus (S)

Back 4

specific object or event that influences an individual's learning or behavior

Front 5

contiguity

Back 5

occurrence of 2+ events at approximately the same time

Front 6

classical conditioning

Back 6

form of learning in which a new, involuntary response is acquired as a result of 2 stimuli being presented at the same time

Front 7

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Back 7

stimulus that elicits a particular response without prior learning

Front 8

unconditioned response (UCR)

Back 8

response that is elicited by a particular (unconditioned) stimulus without prior learning

Front 9

neutral stimulus

Back 9

stimulus that does not elicit any particular response

Front 10

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 10

stimulus that begins to elicit a particular response through classical conditioning

Front 11

conditioned response (CR)

Back 11

response that begins to be elicited by a particular (conditioned) stimulus through classical conditioning

Front 12

generalization

Back 12

phenomenon in which a person learns a response to a particular stimulus and then makes the same response to a similar stimulus; in classical conditioning, involves making a conditioned response to a stimulus similar to a conditioned stimulus

Front 13

extinction

Back 13

gradual disappearance of an acquired response; in classical conditioning, results from repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus

Front 14

operant conditioning

Back 14

form of learning in which a response increases in frequency as a result of being followed by reinforcement

Front 15

contingency

Back 15

situation in which one even happens only after another event has already occurred; one event is contingent on the other's occurrence

Front 16

reinforcer

Back 16

consequence of a response that leads to increased frequency of the response

Front 17

reinforcement

Back 17

act of following a response with a reinforcer

Front 18

premack principle

Back 18

phenomenon in which learners do less-preferred activities in order to engage in more-preferred activities

Front 19

extrinsic reinforcer

Back 19

reinforcer that comes from the outside environment, rather than from within the learner

Front 20

intrinsic reinforcer

Back 20

reinforcer provided by the learner or inherent in the task being performed

Front 21

negative reinforcement

Back 21

consequence that brings about the increase of a behavior through the removal (rather than the presentation) of a stimulus

Front 22

delay of gratification

Back 22

ability to forego small, immediate reinforcers to obtain larger ones later on

Front 23

terminal behavior

Back 23

form and frequency of a desired response that a teacher hopes to foster through operant conditioning

Front 24

token economy

Back 24

technique in which desired behaviors are reinforced by tokens that learners can use to "purchase" a variety of other reinforcers

Front 25

contingency contract

Back 25

formal agreement between teacher and student that identifies behaviors the student will exhibit and the reinforcers that will follow

Front 26

group contingency

Back 26

situation in which everyone in a group must make a particular response before reinforcement occurs

Front 27

continuous reinforcement

Back 27

reinforcement of a response every time it occurs

Front 28

extinction

Back 28

in operant conditioning, gradual disappearance of an acquired response as a result of repeated lack of reinforcement

Front 29

intermittent reinforcement

Back 29

reinforcement of a response only occasionally, with some occurrences of the response unreinforced

Front 30

baseline

Back 30

frequency of a response before it is systematically reinforced

Front 31

shaping

Back 31

process of reinforcing successively closer and closer approximations to a desired terminal behavior

Front 32

antecedent stimulus

Back 32

stimulus that increases the likelihood that a particular response will follow

Front 33

antecedent response

Back 33

response that increases the likelihood that a certain other response will follow

Front 34

cueing

Back 34

use of signals to indicate that a certain behavior is desired or that a certain behavior should stop

Front 35

setting event

Back 35

complex environmental condition in which a particular behavior is moly likely to occur

Front 36

generalization

Back 36

in operant conditioning, phenomenon in which a person makes a voluntary response to a stimulus that is similar to one previously associated with a response-reinforcement contingency

Front 37

discrimination

Back 37

phenomenon in which a student learns that a response is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of another, similar stimulus

Front 38

behavioral momentum

Back 38

increased tendency for a learner to make a particular response immediately after making similar responses

Front 39

incompatible behavior

Back 39

2+ behaviors that cannot be performed simultaneously

Front 40

punishment

Back 40

consequence that decreases the frequency of the response it follows

Front 41

presentation punishment

Back 41

consequence that decreases the frequency of the response it follows

Front 42

removal punishment

Back 42

punishment involving removal of an existing stimulus, presumably one a learner doesn't want to lose

Front 43

response cost

Back 43

loss either of a previously earned reinforcer or of an opportunity to obtain reinforcement

Front 44

logical consequence

Back 44

consequence that follows naturally or logically from a student's misbehavior

Front 45

time-out

Back 45

form of punishment in which a student is placed in a dull, boring situation with no opportunity for reinforcement or social interaction