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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What do EEG's Measure and Show?
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Measure - Brain wave activity
Show - brain waves systematically change throughout sleep. |
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Freuds oppinion of dreams?
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Dreams are symbolic representation of our unconcious sexual and aggressive drives.
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What are the two types of sleep?
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NREM
REM |
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What occurs in the brain during REM Sleep?
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Heightened body and brain activity, when dreaming occurs.
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Which stage represents the onset of sleep?
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Stage 2 NREM
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What stages are associated with deep sleep?
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NREM 3 and 4
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During what stages are there a decrease in during your lifespan?
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REM and stages 3 & 4 NREM
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As blood levels of melatonin decrease what increases?
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Mental alertness and wakefulness.
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What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus and what does it regulate?
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A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain. Regulates the circadian rhythms.
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What are circadian rhythms?
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A cycle that is 24 hours, involved in fluctiuations in biological and psychological processes.
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What is the restorative theory of why we sleep?
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THe theory that sleep and dreaming are essential to normal physical and mential functioning.
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What is the adaptive theory of why we sleep?
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Unique sleep patterns of different animals evolved over time to help promote surivival and enviromental adaptation.
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What is insomnia?
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A condition in which a person experiences a regular inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequatly rested by sleep.
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What is narcolepsy?
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A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day.
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What is latent content?
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Freud's theory- Unconcious wishes, thoughtss, and urges that are concealed in the manifest content of a dream.
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What is manifest content?
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The elements of a dream that are conciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer.
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What type of waves are asscoiated with Stage 1 NREM Sleep?
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A mixture of alpha and theta waves.
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What type of waves are associated with Stage 2 NREM Sleep?
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Theta brain waves and beginings of delta waves.
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What type of waves are associated with Stage 3 NREM Sleep?
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Mixture of theta and delta brain waves.
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What type of waves are associated with Stage 4 NREM Sleep?
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Delta brain waves.
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What type of waves are associated wtih REM Sleep?
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Fast active brain waves.
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How do psychoactive drugs influence brain activity?
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By altering the synaptic transmission between neurons.
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What does caffeine do?
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Stimualates the cerbal cortex, resulting in increased mental alertness and wakefulness.
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What is drug dependence?
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A condition in which a person has physically adpated to a drug, sot that they must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawl symptoms
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What is withdrawal?
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Unpleasant physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings, that occur when a person abstains from a drug, her or she is dependent on.
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What is tolearance?
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A condition in which increasing amounts of a physially addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect.
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What are the most widely used psychoactive substances?
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Cafiene and Alcohol
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What are some of the possible effects that can be induced by hypnosis?
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Sensory and Perceptual changes (temporary blindness, deafness)
Hallucenations and behavior outside the hypnotic state |
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What are the major categories of psychoactive drugs?
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Depressants
Opiates Stimulants Psychedelic drugs |
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How does Jung's interpretation of dreams differ from Freud's?
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Freud believes dreams contain two components.
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No mention of Jung..So..uh..S.O.L
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What is learning?
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A Process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience.
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What is conditioning?
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A type of learning.
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What are the two types of conditioning?
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Classical and Operant
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What are the characteristics of classical conditioning?
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repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elictis elicits the same response.
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What are the characteristics of operant conditioning?
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learning of active , voluntary behaviors that are shaped and maintained by their consequences.
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Classical conditioning is to ____ behavior as operant conditioning is to ______ behavior
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reflexive
voluntary |
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What is the Little Albert Study?
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1920's experiment that attempted to prove that human emotions could be thought of as reflexive responses. Involved a nine month old child, and a furry white rat. Considered unethical today.
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What is stimulus generalization?
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The occurence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus, but to other similar stimuli as well.
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What is watson's effect on advertising?
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Associating a response of feeling to a product. Used fear to make consumers by products. Also used "Sex appeal"
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What is Pavlov's experiment with dogs?
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Used a bell a food to create classical conditioning. Ringing bell made the dog salivate.
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What is operant?
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Skinner's term for a voluntary behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences.
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What is Thomdike's Law of Effect
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A learning principle - Responses followed by a positive effect become strenghtend and are more likely to recur in a particular situation.
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Is punishment an effective way of shaping behavior?
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No. Punishment does not teach a new more appropiate response, and is often only temporary.
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What is shaping?
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An operant conditioning procedure of selectivly reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed.
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p216
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What is Behavior modification?
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The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behavior.
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Continous vs Partial reinforcement.
Relationship to extinction. |
Contious is refinforcing EVERY occurence of the behavior. While parital is only sometimes. Partially enforced behaviors tend to be more resistent to extinction.
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p218
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What is extinction?
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The gradual weakening or dissapearing of a conditoned behavior.
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What is latent learning?
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Learning that occurs in the abscense of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available.
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What is learned helplessness?
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A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior.
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p224
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What is observationial learning?
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Learning that occurs throught observing the actions of others.
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What are the four factors necessary for observational learning to occur?
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attention, memory, motor skills, and motivation.
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