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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is psychology?
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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Sigmund Freud
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emphasized unconscious
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Freud
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psychodynamic theory
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Cognitive perspective
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mental processes
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Ethnocentrism
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the belief that ones own culture or ethnic group is surperior to all others
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difference between psychiatrists and psychologists
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psychiatrists prescribe medication and psychologists cant
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empirical evidence
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observation, measurement, experimentation
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Hypothesis
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specific question or prediction to be tested
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theory
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integrates and summarizes a large number of findings and observations
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case study
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a questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the opinions, behaviors or characteristics of a particular group
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neurogenesis
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the development of new neurons
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aphasia
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the partial or complete inability to articulate ideas or understand spoken or written language because of brain injury
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olfactory neurons
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they are unique because they lead directly to the brain
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gate-control theory of pain
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the theory that pain is a product of both physiological and psychological factors that cause spinal gates to pen and relay patterns of intense stimulation to the brain, which perceives them as pain
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bottom-up processing
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perceiving things from scratch
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top-down
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perceiving things using prior knowledge
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figure-ground relationship
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we automatically separate any scene into the figure, the main part, the ground, the backround
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telepathy
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communicating between minds
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aerial perspective
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far away objects appear hazy or blurred
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binocular disparity
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different image cast on the retina of each eye
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stroboscopic motion
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illusion of movement, animation
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muller-lyer illusion
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2 lines with arrows
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law of good continuation
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elements that follow the same direction
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moon illusion
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misperception of the size of the moon
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distraction method of controlling pain
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physical things such as counting
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Jet lag
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when you fly into another time zone, your circadian rhythms are severely disrupted
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learning
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the process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experiences
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consciousness
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personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations and the external environment
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circadian rhythms
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biological processes that systematically vary over a period of about 24 hours
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REM
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rapid eye movement sleep. active dream sleep
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most common sleep complaint
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insomnia
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restless leg syndrome
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when people complain of unpleasant creeping, crawling, tingling, itching or prickling sensations deep inside their lower legs plus an irresistible urge to move
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somnambulism
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sleepwalking
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night terrors
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when a child waked up panic-stricken, with no real dream story
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caffeine
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most widely used psychoactive drug in the world
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frontal lobes
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we accept bizarre, chaotic details of our dreams because the frontal lobes shut down
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Freud's views
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symbolic of our repressed urges, wishes, and desires
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psychoactive drugs
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chemical substances that can alter arousal, mood, thinking, sensations, and perception
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memory
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the mental process that enables us to retain and use information over time
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short-term memory
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is working memory
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alzheimers
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a major cause of dementia
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deja vu
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a brief but intense feeling of remembering a scene of an event that is actually being experienced for the first time
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tip-of-the-tongue experience
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the inability to get a bit of information that you're absolutely certain is stored in your memory
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personality
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an individuals unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
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personality theories
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an attempt to describe and explain how people are similar, how they are different adn why every individual is unique
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freudian slip
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how feelings and wishes are often reflected in acts of forgetting. inadvertent slips of the tongue, accidents and errors
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Id
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unconscious ruled by pleasure principle and libido, increase pleasure, reduce tension, and avoid pain
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ego
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conscious represents the organized, rational, and planning dimensions of personality
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superego
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preconscious acts as your conscience, by judging your behavior or thoughts as good or bad
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your conscience is like...
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the superego
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oedipus complex
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the child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite sex parent and hostility to the same-sex parent
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carl rogers
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most basic human motive is the actualizing tendency
self-concept |
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self-efficacy
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your belief about your ability to meet the demands of a particular situation
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trait
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a stable predisposition to behave in a certain way
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twins raised separately
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likeness due to genetics, differences due to environment
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Freud and Jung
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unconscious motives
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difficult babies
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they tend to be intensely emotional, and irritable and fussy and cry a lot
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gender roles
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the behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that are designed as either masculine or feminine in a given culture
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social psychology
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the branch of psychology that studies how people think, feel, and behave in a social situation
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social categorization
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the mental process of categorizing people into groups on the basis of their shared characteristics
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Fundamental attribution error
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the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal person characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational, factors
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blaming the victims
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the tendency to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow caused the problem of for not having taken steps to avoid or prevent it
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attitude
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a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issue in a particulae way
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attitude components
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cognitive, behavioral, emotional
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cognitive dissonance
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an unpleasant state of psychological tension or arousal that occurs when two thoughts or perceptions are inconsistent
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prejudice
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a negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group
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in-group
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a social group to which one belongs
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out-group
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a social group to which one does not belong
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working together with a common goal
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helps groups overcome hostility
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conformity
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the tendency to adjust ones behavior, attitudes, or beliefs to group norms in response to real or imagined group pressure
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obedience
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the performance of an action in response to the direct orders od an authority or person of higher status
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altrusim
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helping another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefit
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prosocial behavior
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any behavior that helps another, whether the underlying motive is self-serving or selfless
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feel good. do good
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people who feel good, successful, happy or fortunate are more likely to help others
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bystander effect
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a phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress
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daily hassle stress
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is more stress than major life event stress
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ncs found
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women have more major depression-men more substance abuse
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kleptomania
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the impulse to steal objects not needed for personal use or monetary value
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anxiety
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an unpleasant emotional state characterized by physical arousal and feelings of tension, apprehension and worry
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generalized anxiety disorder
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an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, global, and persistent symptoms of anxiety
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OCD
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an anxiety disorder in which symptoms of anxiety are triggered by intrusive, repetitive thoughts and urges to perform certain actions
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deficiency or serotonin
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associated with ocd
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mood disorders
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a category of disorders in which significant and persistent disruptions in mood or emotions cause impaired cognitive, behavioral and physical functioning
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manic episode
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a sudden, rapidly escalating physical state characterized by extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy and rapid thoughts and speech
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smoking and psychological disorders
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people who smoke ate more likely to have a psychological disorder
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paranoid personality disorder
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a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of the motives of others without sufficient basis
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borderline personality disorder
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a personality disorder characterized by instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and marked impulsivity
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dissociative fugue
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a dissociative disorder involving sudden and unexpected travel away from home, extensive amnesia, and identity confusion
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dissociative identity disorder
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a dissociative disorder involving extensive memory disruptions along with the presence of two or more distinct identities, or personalities
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schizophrenia
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a psychological disorder in which the ability to function is impaired by severely distorted beliefs, perceptions and though processes
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waxy flexibility
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is rare
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how to help a suicidal person
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talk to them about whats happening and how they feel
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logo therapy
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based on the belief that man must have meaning in his life to survive and be fulfilled. Dr. Victor Frankl developed logo therapy because of his experiences in a Nazi concentration camp
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