Psych Final Ch. 9 - Language Development

Front 1

phonology

Back 1

the sound system of a language; how words sound and are produced

Front 2

semantics

Back 2

the meanings of words and word combinations

Front 3

syntax

Back 3

rules used to put words together into sentences

Front 4

pragmatics

Back 4

conventions and strategies used in effective and socially acceptable verbal interactions

Front 5

native language

Back 5

the first language a child learns

Front 6

nativism

Back 6

theoretical perspective proposing that some knowledge is biologically built-in and present at birth or soon thereafter

Front 7

language acquisition device

Back 7

biologically built-in mechanism hypothesized to facilitate language learning

Front 8

functionalism

Back 8

theoretical perspective of language development that emphasizes the purposes language serves for human beings

Front 9

receptive language

Back 9

ability to understand the language one hears or reads

Front 10

expressive language

Back 10

ability to communicate effectively through speaking and writing

Front 11

infant-directed speech

Back 11

short, simple, high-pitched speech often used when talking to young children

Front 12

lexical word

Back 12

word that some way represents an aspect of one's physical, social or psychological world

Front 13

grammatical word

Back 13

nonlexical word that affects the meanings of other words or the interrelationships among words in a sentence

Front 14

undergeneralization

Back 14

overly restricted meaning for a word, excluding some situations to which the word applies

Front 15

overgeneralization

Back 15

too broad a meaning for a word, such that it is used in situations to which it doesn't apply

Front 16

fast mapping

Back 16

inferring a word's general meaning after a single exposure

Front 17

defining feature

Back 17

characteristic that must be present in all instances of a concept

Front 18

correlational feature

Back 18

characteristic present in many instances of a concept but not essential for concept membership

Front 19

holophrase

Back 19

a single word used to express a complete thought; completely observed in children's earliest speech

Front 20

telegraphic speech

Back 20

short, grammatically incomplete sentences that include lexical (rather than grammatical) words almost exclusively; common in toddlers

Front 21

overregularization

Back 21

use of a syntactic rule in situations where an exception to the rule applies

Front 22

semantic bootstrapping

Back 22

using knowledge of word meanings to derive knowledge about syntactic categories and structures

Front 23

expansion

Back 23

repetition of a child's short utterances in a more complete and grammatically correct form

Front 24

phonomes

Back 24

smallest units of a spoken language that signify differences in meaning

Front 25

figurative speech

Back 25

speech that communicates meaning beyond a literal interpretation of its words

Front 26

cooing

Back 26

making and repeating vowel sounds; common in early infancy

Front 27

babbling

Back 27

repeating certain consonant-vowel syllables over and over; common in the latter half of the first year

Front 28

narrative

Back 28

verbal account of a temporal sequence of events that are logically interconnected; a story

Front 29

playing the dozens

Back 29

friendly, playful exchange of insults, common in some African American communities; also called joaning or sounding

Front 30

sociolinguistic behaviors

Back 30

social and culturally specific conventions that govern appropriate verbal interaction

Front 31

personal space

Back 31

personally and culturally preferred distance between 2 people during social interaction

Front 32

IRE cycle

Back 32

adult-child interaction pattern marked by adult initiation, child response and adult evaluation; in Western cultures such a pattern is often seen in instructional settings

Front 33

wait time

Back 33

the length of time a teacher pauses, after either asking a question or hearing a student's comment, before saying something

Front 34

culture shock

Back 34

sense of confusion that occurs when one encounters an environment with expectations for behavior very different from those in one's home environment

Front 35

metalinguistic awareness

Back 35

extent to which one consciously understands and thinks about the nature of language

Front 36

bilingualism

Back 36

knowing and speaking 2 languages fluently

Front 37

immersion

Back 37

approach to second-language instruction in which students hear and speak that language almost exclusively in the classroom

Front 38

bilingual education

Back 38

approach to second-language instruction in which students are instructed in academic subject areas in their native language while simultaneously being taught to speak and write in the second language

Front 39

standard english

Back 39

form of english generally considered acceptable in school (as reflected in textbooks, grammar instruction, etc) and in the media

Front 40

dialect

Back 40

form of a language characteristic of a particular geographic region or ethnic group

Front 41

african american english

Back 41

dialect of some african american communities that includes pronunciations, grammatical constructions and idioms different from those of standard english

Front 42

speech and communication disorders

Back 42

disability characterized by abnormalities in producing or understanding spoken language, to the point where special educational services are required