Psych Final - Ch. 13 Motivation

Front 1

motivation

Back 1

state that energizes, directs and sustains behavior

Front 2

extrinsic motivation

Back 2

motivation provoked by the external consequences that certain behaviors bring

Front 3

intrinsic motivation

Back 3

motivation resulting from personal characteristics or inherent in the task being performed

Front 4

reinforcer

Back 4

consequence of a response that leads to an increased frequency of that response

Front 5

primary reinforcer

Back 5

stimulus or event that satisfies a built-in biological need

Front 6

secondary reinforcer

Back 6

stimulus or event that becomes reinforcing over time through its association with one or more other reinforcers

Front 7

delay of gratification

Back 7

forgoing small immediate rewards for larger ones at a future time

Front 8

vicarious reinforcement

Back 8

phenomenon in which a child increases a certain response after seeing someone else reinforced for that response

Front 9

vicarious punishment

Back 9

phenomenon in which a child decreases a certain response after seeing someone else punished for that response

Front 10

self-efficacy

Back 10

belief that one is capable of executing certain behaviors or reaching certain goals

Front 11

sense of self-determination

Back 11

belief that one has some choice and control regarding the future course of one's life

Front 12

situational interest

Back 12

interest evoked temporarily by something in the environment

Front 13

personal interest

Back 13

long-term, relatively stable interest in a particular topic or activity

Front 14

value

Back 14

belief that a particular activity has direct or indirect benefits

Front 15

internalized motivation

Back 15

adoption of behaviors that others value, whether or not one's environment reinforces those behaviors

Front 16

mastery goal

Back 16

desire to acquire additional knowledge or master new skills (aka learning goal)

Front 17

performance goal

Back 17

desire to look good and receive favorable judgments from others

Front 18

social goal

Back 18

goal related to establishing or maintaining relationships with other people

Front 19

attribution

Back 19

belief about the cause of one's success or failure

Front 20

incremental view of ability

Back 20

belief that ability can and does improve with effort and practice

Front 21

entity view of ability

Back 21

belief that ability is a "thing" that is relatively permanent and unchangeable

Front 22

mastery orientation

Back 22

general beliefe that one if capable of accomplishing challenging tasks, accompanied by an intent to master such tasks

Front 23

learned helplessness

Back 23

general belief that one is incapable of accomplishing tasks and has little or no control of the environment

Front 24

student at risk

Back 24

student who has a high probability of failing to acquire the minimal academic skills necessary for success in the adult world

Front 25

self-regulation

Back 25

directing and controlling one's own actions

Front 26

self-reinforcement

Back 26

self-imposed pleasurable consequence for a desire behavior

Front 27

self-monitoring

Back 27

process of observing and recording one's own behavior

Front 28

self-instructions

Back 28

specific directions that one gives oneself while performing a complex behavior, a form of self-talk

Front 29

self-motivation

Back 29

intentionally using certain strategies to keep oneself on task during a dull but important activity

Front 30

self-evaluation

Back 30

judging one's own performance in accordance with predetermined criteria

Front 31

moral development

Back 31

advancements in reasoning and behaving in accordance with culturally prescribed or self-constructed standards of right and wrong

Front 32

moral transgression

Back 32

action that causes damage or harm or in some other way infringes on the needs and rights of others

Front 33

conventional transgression

Back 33

actions that violates society's general guidelines (often unspoken) for socially acceptable behavior

Front 34

guilt

Back 34

feeling of discomfort when one inflicts damage or causes some else pain or distress

Front 35

shame

Back 35

feeling of embarrassment or humiliation after failing to meet certain standards for moral behavior

Front 36

distributive justice

Back 36

beliefs about what constitutes people's fair share of a valued commodity

Front 37

moral dilemma

Back 37

situation in which there is no clear-cut answer regarding the morally right thing to do

Front 38

preconventional morality - Kohlberg

Back 38

a lack of internalized standards about right and wrong; making decision based on what is best for oneself, without regard for others' needs and feelings

Front 39

conventional morality - Kohlberg

Back 39

acceptance of society's conventions regarding right and wrong; behaving to please other or to live up to society's expectations for appropriate behavior

Front 40

postconventional morality- Kohlberg

Back 40

behaving in accordance with self-developed abstract principles regarding right and wrong

Front 41

induction

Back 41

the act of explaining why a certain behavior is unacceptable, usually with a focus on the pain or distress that someone has caused another

Front 42

justice orientation

Back 42

focus on individual rights in moral decision making

Front 43

care orientation

Back 43

focus on nurturance and concern for others in moral decision making