Psych Final 6-12

Front 1

Operant Conditioning?

Back 1

learn to do based on consequences of behavior

Front 2

operant behavior?

Back 2

voluntary responses that are reinforced

Front 3

B.F. Skinner was a...(type of pyschologist)

Back 3

behaviorist

Front 4

Skinner focused on...

Back 4

measured behavior

Front 5

measure behavior?

Back 5

is behavior modification and programming learning

Front 6

Skinner box was use for...

Back 6

experimental conditions can be maintained

Front 7

Skinner believed that...

Back 7

our behavior is based on the environment

Front 8

Skinner thought that...

Back 8

consequences of voluntary behavior are manipulated in order to increase/decrease behavior in the future (ex : get an A, you will get money?

Front 9

reinforcer?

Back 9

increases the probability that responses preceding it will be repeated

Front 10

positive reinforcer?

Back 10

increase probability will occur when its added ( add the stimulus)

Front 11

negative reinforcer?

Back 11

increase probability behavior will occur when it is removed ( take away stimulus)

Front 12

reinforcers are known their...

Back 12

effect which increases response (most effective in long run)

Front 13

rewards are....

Back 13

pleasants events that affect behavior

Front 14

punishments are....

Back 14

aversive events that decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow (for the short run)

Front 15

primary reinforcer?

Back 15

an unlearned reinforcer

Front 16

primary reinforcer is effective because...?

Back 16

of biological/psychological makeup of organism

Front 17

examples of primary reinforcer?

Back 17

food, water, warmth, pain (negative reinforcer)

Front 18

secondary reinforcer gains reinforcement value through....?

Back 18

association with established reinforcers

Front 19

secondary reinforcer is aka....

Back 19

conditioned reinforcer

Front 20

examples of secondary reinforcer?

Back 20

money ( can be exchanged for primary reinforcers)

Front 21

extinction?

Back 21

learned response are extinguished after repeated performance without reinforcement

Front 22

spontaneous recovery?

Back 22

occurs as a function of time

Front 23

continuous reinforcement?

Back 23

everytime the behavior is presented, you present the reinforcer

Front 24

continuous reinforcement is the most...

Back 24

rapid acquisition, easily extinguished, always expected

Front 25

partial reinforcement?

Back 25

when the behavior is presented, you present the reinforcer randomly

Front 26

fixed interval schedule?

Back 26

fixed amount of time, response rate falls after each reinforcement and then picks up as a reinforcer approaches

Front 27

example of fixed interval schedule?

Back 27

test at the end of every month

Front 28

variable interval schedule?

Back 28

unpredictable time elapses, steadier but lower response rate

Front 29

example of variable interval schedule?

Back 29

gambling at slot machine

Front 30

fixed ratio schedule?

Back 30

fixed number of correct responses, high response rate immediately after reinforment

Front 31

example of fixed ratio schedule?

Back 31

in order to get to next level, you must complete 10 shots in a row

Front 32

variable ratio schedule?

Back 32

unpredictable number of correct responses, high response rate randomly

Front 33

example of variable ratio schedule?

Back 33

buying lotto tickets

Front 34

interval schedules?

Back 34

time (seconds, days, weeks, etc)

Front 35

ratio schedules?

Back 35

# of acts of event before award

Front 36

observational learning?

Back 36

acquire skills by observing others , can occur with engaging responses (Bandura)

Front 37

learning may be...

Back 37

latent.

Front 38

latent learning and cognitive maps discovered by...

Back 38

Edward Tolman

Front 39

latent learning?

Back 39

hidden learning until it randomly shows up

Front 40

example of latent learning?

Back 40

whining to get something because you saw your older sister do so and she got a reward

Front 41

Bandura studied...

Back 41

violence in media on agression

Front 42

psychoanalytic theories?

Back 42

Freud emphasizes importance of the unconscious motives/conflicts that determine behavior

Front 43

psychosexual ?

Back 43

combo of sex and aggression

Front 44

structure of psychosexual development?

Back 44

five stages ( oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)

Front 45

oral stage?

Back 45

1st year, sexual gratification by oral activities

Front 46

anal stage?

Back 46

2nd year, gratification satisfied through the contraction/relaxation of muscles that control/eliminate waste products

Front 47

phallic stage?

Back 47

3rd yr, erogenous zones (penis,clit), children compete with same sex parent for opposite sex parent's attention

Front 48

oedipus complex?

Back 48

boy wants to possess his mother sexually and sees father as

Front 49

electra complex?

Back 49

girl longs for her father, resents mother

Front 50

latency stage?

Back 50

preteen years, sexual impulses are repressed (ex: prefer to have same sex playmates, focus on schoolwork more)

Front 51

genital stage?

Back 51

puberty, expression of sexual drives though sexual intercourse/impulses

Front 52

incest taboo?

Back 52

makes them repress urges and displace them onto adults/kids of opposite sex

Front 53

Alfred Adler believed...

Back 53

Freud put too much emphasis on sex

Front 54

inferiority complex?

Back 54

feelings of inferiority hypothesized by Adler to serve as a central motivating force (feel inferior because of small size as child which grows to superior as we age)

Front 55

creative self?

Back 55

self aware aspect of personality that strives to overcome obstacles and develop the persons potential

Front 56

Adler's individual psychology theory?

Back 56

feelings of inferiority and the creative self

Front 57

Karen Horney believed...

Back 57

disagreed in which psychoanalytic theory portrayed women

Front 58

Horney though Freud's theory said that about women was based on...

Back 58

Western culture

Front 59

Horney agreed with Freud that...

Back 59

children's experiences are important to psychological development, but the sex/aggression impulses were less important than social relationships

Front 60

thanatos?

Back 60

drive towards aggressive drives

Front 61

ego defensive mechanisms

Back 61

protecting yourself from the latent drives (which are in the id)

Front 62

id?

Back 62

1st, represents physiological drives and is fully unconscious

Front 63

ego?

Back 63

2nd, self awareness, planning, and delay of gratification

Front 64

superego?

Back 64

3rd, morals and values

Front 65

Carl Jung's theory?

Back 65

analytical psychology

Front 66

Jung believed Freud focused....

Back 66

too much on sex/aggression instead of spirituality; wanted them to be viewed equally, wanted an universal study

Front 67

analytical psychology contained....

Back 67

collective unconscious and archetypes

Front 68

collective unconscious?

Back 68

represents what we share with all of humankind, spiritual part of us that never dies

Front 69

archetypes?

Back 69

universal symbols and images that we all know unconsciously

Front 70

anima/animus?

Back 70

masc/fem energy within us all

Front 71

wise one?

Back 71

oracle

Front 72

shadow?

Back 72

evil parts of personality, repressed feelings of self

Front 73

hero?

Back 73

on a quest, finding true self

Front 74

clown/fool?

Back 74

cause laughter, eases tension

Front 75

trait?

Back 75

stable aspect of personality traits thats inferred from behavior and assumed to give rise to inconsistent behavior

Front 76

trait perspective?

Back 76

hippocrates traits based on 4 humors based on bodily fluids

Front 77

identification?

Back 77

unconscious adoption of another person's behavior

Front 78

sanguine?

Back 78

(blood) means your warm, cheerful; ex: blushing

Front 79

phlegmatic?

Back 79

(musus/phlegm) means your sluggish, calm, cool; ex: being sick

Front 80

choleric?

Back 80

(yellow bile) means your quick-tempered, angry; ex: heartburn

Front 81

mehancholic

Back 81

(black bile) means your gloomy, sad; ex: depression

Front 82

Hans Eysenck's Trait Theory?

Back 82

focused on three personality traits; introversion, extraversion, neuroticism

Front 83

introversion?

Back 83

intense imagination and the tendency to inhibit impulses (shy)

Front 84

extraversion?

Back 84

expresses feelings and impulses freely, (outgoing)

Front 85

neuroticism?

Back 85

emotionally instability vs stability

Front 86

there are __# of combos of the trait theory.

Back 86

four.

Front 87

depressed combo is composed of...?

Back 87

introverted yet unstable (melancholic)

Front 88

aggressive is composed of...?

Back 88

extraverted yet instable (choleric)

Front 89

calm is composed of...?

Back 89

introverted and stable (phlegmatic)

Front 90

outgoing, firm, confident is composed of...?

Back 90

extraverted and stable (sanguine)

Front 91

the five factor model (big five) is the....?

Back 91

extended version of the Eysenck's theory.

Front 92

extraversion is?

Back 92

talkativeness/assertiveness vs passivity

Front 93

agreeableness is?

Back 93

kindness/trust vs trust/selfishness

Front 94

conscientiousness is?

Back 94

organization/thoroughness vs carelessness

Front 95

openness to experience is?

Back 95

creativity/curiosity vs shallowness

Front 96

humanism?

Back 96

people have free choice, self fulfillment, ethical behavior

Front 97

humanistic theory?

Back 97

to fulfill the need for a workable theory of healthy personality (response to psychoanalysis n behaviorism)

Front 98

Carl Roger's self theory?

Back 98

fully functional person that has a positive self concept that is also congruent

Front 99

self concept?

Back 99

the way you think about yourself

Front 100

self esteem?

Back 100

the way you evaluate your self concept

Front 101

incongruence vs congruence is shown through a diagram with ...?

Back 101

three elements connected

Front 102

these three elements are?

Back 102

ideal self, true self, self image

Front 103

ideal self?

Back 103

what you aspire to be

Front 104

true self?

Back 104

what you are

Front 105

self actualization....?

Back 105

ones tendency to strive to ones potential; continues as you age

Front 106

incongruence means....

Back 106

maladjustment

Front 107

social psychology?

Back 107

studies the nature and cause of behavior and mental processed in social situation groups

Front 108

social psychology has a...

Back 108

situationist perspective

Front 109

situationist perspective?

Back 109

social influence that sways people to do things they normally wouldn't do

Front 110

attitude formation?

Back 110

learned attitudes, cognitive appraisal

Front 111

cognitive appraisal?

Back 111

form opinion after appraisal and evaluation of situation yourself

Front 112

persuasive message?

Back 112

repeated exposure to things/people enhances their appeal

Front 113

persuasive communication?

Back 113

trustworthiness, positive context, high self esteem,

Front 114

cognitive-dissonance theory?

Back 114

we are motivated to make our cognition/beliefs consistent

Front 115

prejudice?

Back 115

cognitive = expectation that members of target group will behave poorly
behavior = avoidance, aggression, discrimination

Front 116

stereotypes?

Back 116

fixed positive/negative conventional attitudes

Front 117

sources of prejudice?

Back 117

dissimilarity, social conflict social learning, info processing, social categorization

Front 118

attribution theory?

Back 118

process by which one draws conclusions about influences on another's behavior

Front 119

dispositional attributions?

Back 119

trait, person's internal characteristics

Front 120

situational attributions?

Back 120

person's actions to external factors

Front 121

Actor-observer effect?

Back 121

tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational actors but to attribute behavior of others to dispositional factors

Front 122

fundamental attribution error?

Back 122

assumption that others act predominantly on basis of their dispositions

Front 123

conformity?

Back 123

to change behavior to meet other standards

Front 124

asch theory?

Back 124

most people will conform even when wrong

Front 125

dystandard authority?

Back 125

mob behavior

Front 126

factors that influence dystandard authority?

Back 126

decision to help, empathic, know what to do

Front 127

altruism?

Back 127

selfless concern for the welfare of others

Front 128

abnormal behavior?

Back 128

is behavior...
1. strange within culture?
2. cause person distress?
3) maladaptive?
4) pose danger to self and others?
5) make person responsible for behavior?

Front 129

Kitty Genoverse was an example of?

Back 129

bystander effect

Front 130

details of Kitty Genoverse's murder?

Back 130

murderer caught 6 days later, convicted death but reduced to life because he plead insanity

Front 131

Diagnostic/Statistical Manual?

Back 131

includes info on med conditions, psychosocial probs, and global assessment of functioning

Front 132

50% of us will....

Back 132

experience a psychological disorder (ex:depression), most often in younger years

Front 133

25% of us will...

Back 133

experience a psychological disorder in any given year

Front 134

Schizophrenia?

Back 134

severe psychological disorder characterized by disturbances in thought/language, perception/attention, motor activity, mood, social interactions (1/100 suffer, onset early in life)

Front 135

positive (a lot) vs negative (not enough) symptoms?

Back 135

P = excessive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions)
N = deficiencies (false sensations and beliefs)

Front 136

there are (#) of Schizophrenia.

Back 136

four
paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated

Front 137

Paranoid Schizophrenia?

Back 137

systematized delusions and auditory hallucinations

Front 138

Disorganized Schizophrenia?

Back 138

incoherence, extreme social impairment (ex: social flashing, silliness)

Front 139

Catatonic Schizophrenia?

Back 139

motor impairment, waxy, flexibility; can keep poses for long periods of time

Front 140

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia?

Back 140

not any of the other three but has signs of schizophrenia

Front 141

origins of Schizophrenia?

Back 141

biological and psychological perspectives

Front 142

Mood disorders?

Back 142

characterized by disturbance in expressed emotions

Front 143

major depressive disorder (MDD) ?

Back 143

persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest, feelings of worthlessness and guilt, inability to concentrate

Front 144

bipolar disorder?

Back 144

mood swings from ecstatic elation to deep depression ( aka manic depressive disorder)

Front 145

seasonal affective disorder (SAD) ?

Back 145

depressed during winter or when there is little sunlight

Front 146

anxiety disorders symptoms?

Back 146

mental = nervousness, inability to relax, fear of the worst
physical = arousal of sympathetic branch of autonomic nervous system

Front 147

specific phobia?

Back 147

irrational fears of specific objects or situations

Front 148

social phobia?

Back 148

persistent fears of scrutiny of others

Front 149

agoraphobia?

Back 149

fear of being in places where it would be hard to escape or receive help (busy areas)

Front 150

panic disorders?

Back 150

sympathetic nervous system; triggered by specific object/situation

Front 151

generalized anxiety disorder?

Back 151

cannot be attributed to object, situation, or activity; very visual, motor tension, autonomic arousal

Front 152

obsession part of obsessive compulsive disorder?

Back 152

recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts/images that seem irrational or beyond control

Front 153

compulsive part of obsessive compulsive disorder?

Back 153

thoughts/behaviors that tend tot reduce anxiety connected with obsession

Front 154

act part of obsessive compulsive disorder?

Back 154

irresistible urges to engage in specific acts often repeatedly to get rid of obsession

Front 155

Post traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

Back 155

caused by distressing event, may occur over months to years after event

Front 156

Acute Stress Disorder?

Back 156

like PTSD, but only occurs days to 4 weeks after event

Front 157

Somatoform Disorders?

Back 157

disorders with complaints of physical problems

Front 158

Hypochondriasis?

Back 158

always they they are sick

Front 159

dissociative disorders?

Back 159

sudden temporary changes in consciousness as self identity

Front 160

dissociative identity disorder?

Back 160

two or more identities, each with distinct traits; occupy the same person; formally known as multiple personality disorder; alter egos

Front 161

dissociative amnesia?

Back 161

suddenly unable to recall personal info

Front 162

dissociative fugue?

Back 162

experience amnesia then flees to new location