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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Emotion (3 Parts)
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1. Associated with distinctive subjective feelings or affects
2. accompanied by bodily changes 3. Accompanied by distinct action tendencies or probabilities of behavior |
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Issues in Emotion Research (2)
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1. Emotional States Vs. Emotional Traits
2. Categorical Vs. Dimensional Approach to Emotions |
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Emotional States
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Transitory, depends more on situation than person
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Emotional Traits
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pattern emotional reactions unique to an individual
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Categorical Approach
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focus in identifying a small number of primary and distinct emotions
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Dimensional Approach
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-two-dimensional model that suggests every emotion described as a combination of pleasantness and arousal
-based on empirical evidence |
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Content of Emotion
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specific kinds of emotions that are experienced
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Style of Emotions
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how emotions are experienced
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Pleasant emotions
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happiness and life satisfaction
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Happiness defined as (2)
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1. Judgement that life is satisfying
2. Predominance of positive relative to negative emotions |
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Differences in happy people (3)
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1. No sex differences
2. No age differences 3. No ethic group difference |
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National Differences (2)
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1. poorer countries are less happy
2. people with less civil and political rights are less happy |
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Happiness correlates with. . (4) (causality can flow in both directions)
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1. happy marriages
2. longevity 3. self-esteem 4. job satisfaction |
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Traits contributes to well-being (2)
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1. high extraversion
2. low neuroticism |
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Two models of relationship between personality and well-being
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1. indirect model
2. direct model |
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Indirect Model
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Personality causes a person to create certain lifestyle, and lifestyle causes emotional reactions
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Direct Model
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Personality causes emotional reactions
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High neuroticism
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moody, touchy, irritable, anxious, unstable, pessimistic, and complaining
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Eysenck's Biological Theory of Neuroticism
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neuroticism due to tendency of the limbic system in brain to become easily activated
limbic system responsible for "flight-fight" reaction |
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Cognitive Theories of Neuroticism
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causes by style of information processing of preferential processing of negative information about the self
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Differences in happy people (3)
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1. No sex differences
2. No age differences 3. No ethic group difference |
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National Differences (2)
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1. poorer countries are less happy
2. people with less civil and political rights are less happy |
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Happiness correlates with. . (4) (causality can flow in both directions)
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1. happy marriages
2. longevity 3. self-esteem 4. job satisfaction |
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Traits contributes to well-being (2)
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1. high extraversion
2. low neuroticism |
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Two models of relationship between personality and well-being
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1. indirect model
2. direct model |
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Indirect Model
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Personality causes a person to create certain lifestyle, and lifestyle causes emotional reactions
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Direct Model
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Personality causes emotional reactions
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High neuroticism
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moody, touchy, irritable, anxious, unstable, pessimistic, and complaining
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Eysenck's Biological Theory of Neuroticism
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neuroticism due to tendency of the limbic system in brain to become easily activated
limbic system responsible for "flight-fight" reaction |
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Cognitive Theories of Neuroticism
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1. causes by style of information processing of preferential processing of negative information about the self
2. richer association surrounding memories of negative emotions |
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Matthew's Attentional Theory
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high neuroticism pay more attention to threats and unpleasant information
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Diathesis-Stress Model
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stressful life event triggers depression among those with preexisting vulnerability
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Beck's Cognitive Theory on Depression
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certain cognitive style is a pre-existing condtion that makes people vulnerable to depression
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Three areas of life most influenced by depressive cognitive schema
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1. Information about self
2. Information about the world 3. Information about the futue |
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4 Types of Processing (Depression)
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1. overgeneralizing 2. arbitrary inferences 3. personalizing 4. catastrophizing
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Pessimistic Explanatory style
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maintain internal, stable, and global
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Type A personality (4)
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consists of achievement strivings, impatience, competitiveness, and hostility
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Hostility in Big Five
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low agreeableness and high neuroticism
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Hostility
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tendency to respond to everyday frustration with anger and aggression
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High Affect Intensity
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experience emotions strongly and emotionally reactive and variable
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Low Affect Intensity
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experience emotions only mildly and only gradual fluctuations and minor reactions
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Affect Intensity and Personality Dimensions (5)
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1. High Activity Level
2. Sociability 3. Arousability 4. High Extraversion 5. High Neuroticism |
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Three Mechanisms of Social Interaction
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1. Selection
2. Evocation 3. Manipulation |
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Selection
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personality characteristics of others influence whether we select them as dates, friends, or marriage partners
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Personality Characteristics in Desired Marriage Partner (2)
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1. mutual attraction/ love is most favored characteristics
2. other important characters of dependable character, emotional stability, pleasing disposition |
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Complementary Needs
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people are attracted to those who have different dispositions
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Attraction Similarity
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people are attracted to those who have similar personality characteristics
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Assortative Mating
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people are married to people similar to themeselves
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Desired personality traits in married partners (3)
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1. agreeableness
2. emotional stability 3. Opennes |
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Violation of Desire Theory
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break ups are more common when desires are violated than when they are fulfilled
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Shyness
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tendency to feel tense, worried, and anxious during social interactions
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Evocation
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personality characteristics of others evoke response in us
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Aggression
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evokes hostility in others
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Hostile Attributional Bias
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tendency to infer hostile intent of others in the face of uncertain behavior from others
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Strongest predictors of upset in marriage (2)
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1. Low Agreeableness
2. Emotional Instability |
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Expectation Confirmation
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people's belief that personality characteristics of others cause them to evoke in others actions that are consistent with initial beliefs
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Manipulation
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ways in which people intentionally alter, change, or exploit others
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Sex Difference in Manipulation
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none
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Personality Predictors of Tactics of Manipulation (8)
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1. high surgency (coercion, responsibility invocation)
2. low surgency (self-abasement, hardball) 3. high agreeableness (pleasure induction, reason) 4. Low agreeableness (coercion, silent treatment) 5. high conscientiousness (Reason) 6. Regression 7. High Intellect-Openness (reason, pleasure induction, responsibility invocation) 8. Low Intellect-Openness (social comparison) |
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Machiavellianism
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personality style that uses others as tools for personal gain
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High Narcissism
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exhibitionistic, grandiose, self-centered, interpersonally exploitative
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Narcissism and Social Interaction (3)
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1. Selection - associate with people who admire them
2. Evocation - some viewed as brilliant, entertaining and some viewed as selfish, boorish 3. Manipulation - highly exploitative of others |
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Minimalist view of sex differences
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sex difference are small and inconsequential
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Maximalist view of differences
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sex difference should not be trivialized - smallest effects have important consequences
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Extraversion (Sex Difference) (3)
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1. women score slightly higher on gregariousness
2. men score slightly higher on activity level 3. men score moderately higher on assertiveness |
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Agreeableness (Sex Difference) (2)
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1. women score higher on trusting and tender-mindedness
2. Women smile more than men |
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Aggresiveness (Sex Difference)
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men are more physically aggressive
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Conscientiousness (Sex Difference)
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women score slightly higher on order
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Emotional Stability (Sex Difference) (2)
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1. men and women are similar on impulsiveness
2. women score higher on anxiety |
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Openness to Experience (Sex Difference)
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no sex differences
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Self-esteem
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level of global regard that one has for the self as a person
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Benefits of self-esteem (3)
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1. Cope better with daily stress
2. Perform better on cognitive tasks 3. Give themselves credit for successes and deny responsibility for failures |
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Self-Esteem (Sex Difference)
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males score higher
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People-Things Dimension
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men more toward things
women more toward people |
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Rumination
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repeatedly focusing on symptoms of distress
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Masculinity
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assertiveness, boldness, dominance, self-sufficiency, instrumentality
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Feminity
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nurturance, emotional, empathic, dependent
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Androgyny
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having both masculine and feminine traits
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Instrumentality
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personality traits that involve working with objects, getting tasks completed showing independence, and displaying self-sufficiency
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Expressiveness
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ease with which one can express emotions, show empathy, and be nurturant
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Three Components of Gender Stereotypes
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1. Cognitive
2. Affective 3. Behavioral |
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Theories of Sex Differences (4)
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1. Socialization and Social Roles
2. Hormonal Theories 3. Evolutionary Psychology Theory 4. Integrated Theoretical Perspective |
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Socialization Theory
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boy and girls are different because of reinforcements made by parents, teachers, and media
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Social Role Theory
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sex differences arise because men and women are distributed different in occupational and family roles
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Hormonal Theories
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sex difference dictates by different hormonal levels and configurations
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Evolutionary Psychology Theory
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sexes differ only in domains that have recurrently been faced with adaptive problems
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Integrated Theoretical Perspective
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integrated theory of sex difference that combine the other theories
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Models of Personality-Illness Connection (5)
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1. Interactional Model
2. Transactional Model 3. Health Behavior Model 4. Predisposition Model 5. Illness Behavior Model |
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Interactional Model
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personality determines the impacts of events by influencing a person's ability to cope
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Three potential effects of personality
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1. influence coping
2. influence how a person appraises 3. influence evens themselves |
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Health Behavior Model
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personality affects health indirectly through health promoting and degrading behaviors
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Predisposition Model
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underlying predispositions link personality and illness
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Illness Behavioral Model
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personality influences the degree which a person perceives and attends to bodily sensations
the degree to which a person interprets and labels sensations as illness |
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Stress
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subjective feeling produced by events perceived as uncontrollable and threatening
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Stressors
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events that lead to stress
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Common Attributes of Stress (3)
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1. extreme in manner
2. Produces opposing tendencies 3. Perceived as uncontrollable |
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General Adaption Syndrome
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flight or fight response and if continued body uses resources at above average rate
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Stage of Exhaustion
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more susceptible to illness because physiological resources are depleted
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Acute Stress
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sudden onset of demands and is experienced as tension
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Episodic Acute Stress
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repeated episodes of acute stress
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Traumatic Stress
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similar to post traumatic stress disorder
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Chronic Stress
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stress has addictive effects, cumulating over time
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Primary Appraisal
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person perceives an event as a threat to goal
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Secondary Appraisal
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person concludes they do not have resources to cope with demand of threat
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Three Coping Mechanism
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1. Positive reappraisal
2. Problem-focused coping 3. Creating positive events |
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Positive Reappraisal
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person focuses on the good in what is happening
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Problem-Focused Coping
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thoughts and behaviors that manage or solve an underlying cause of stress
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Creating Positive Events
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creating positive time-out from stress
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Coping Strategies and Styles (4)
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1. Attributional Style
2. Optimism and Physical Well-Being 3. Management of Emotions 4. Disclosure |
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Three Dimensions of Attributional Style
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1. External vs. Internal
2. Unstable vs. Stable 3. Specific vs. Global |
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Pessimists Attributional Style
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stable, global, and internal
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Optimists Attributional Style
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unstable, specific, and external
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Dispositional Optimism
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expectation that good events will be plentiful and bad events rare in the future
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Self-Efficacy
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belief that one can do behaviors necessary to achieve desired outcome
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Optimistic Bias
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people generally underestimate their risks
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Psychological Disorder
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pattern of behavior or experience that is distressing and painful to the person
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Abnormal Psychology/ Psychopathology
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study of mental disorders
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Variety of Personality Disorders (3)
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1. Erratic Group
2. Eccentric Group 3. Anxious Group |
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Erratic Group
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person appear erratic, emotional, and have difficulties getting along with other
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Eccentric Group
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person appears odd, eccentric, and do not get along with others
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Anxious Group
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person appears anxious, fearful, apprehensive, and have trouble with social relationships
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Categorical View of Personality
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disorders are view as distinct and qualitatively different from normal extremes
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Dimensional View of Personality
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disorders are viewed as a continuum that ranges from normality to severe disability
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Comorbidity
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having 2 or more disorders at the same time
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Differential Diagnosis
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clinician attempts to find data/evidence in support of one diagnostic category
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Antisocial Personality disorder
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little concern for others, impulsive, lack of guilt or remorse, reckless and irresponsible
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Borderline Personality Disorder
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instability of relationships, emotions, and self-image, fear of abandonment, aggressive, strong emotions
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Histrionic Personality Disorder
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excessive attention seeking, excessive and strong emotions, sexually provocative, opinions are shallow
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
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need to be admired, strong sense of self importance, lack of insight of other's feelings, sense of entitlement and superiority
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Schizoid Personality Disorder
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detached from normal social relationships, obtains little pleasure out of life, appears inept or socially clumsy, passive in the face of unpleasant events
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Schizotypal Personality Disorder
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anxious in social relations and avoids people, does not conform, suspicious, thoughts and speech sometimes disorganized
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Paranoid Personality Disorder
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distrustful, misinterprets social events as threatening, harbors resentment, prone to pathological jealousy
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Avoidant Personality Disorder
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feelings of inadequacy, sensitive to criticism, fear of rejection, low self-esteem
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Dependent Personality Disorder
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excessive need to be taken care of, submissive, doesn't work well indepedendly
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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
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preoccupied with order, engages in rules, rituals, and schedules, strives for perfection, rigid and inflexible
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Biological Causes of Personality Disorders (2)
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1. genes
2. Chemical imbalance in brain |
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Environmental Causes (2)
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1. Family Dysfunction
2. Social Learning Theory |
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Erratic Group Cluster (4)
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1. Antisocial
2. Borderline 3. Histrionic 4. Narcissistic |
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Eccentric Group Cluster (3)
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1. Schizoid
2. Schizotypal 3. Paranoid |
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Anxious Group Cluster
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1. Avoidant
2. Dependent 3. Obsessive-compulsive |
