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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Schemas
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General knowledge about the world, including behavior expectations
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Theory of mind
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Ability to recognize that other people have minds similar to our own - 4+ y.o.
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Naturalistic fallacy
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If something is natural, it is the way it will be
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Five factor model of personality
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Openness to experience
Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
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self-image bias
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Tendency to weight our evaluations of others as how we view ourselves
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Self-discrepancy theory
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Individuals want to resolve discrepancies of who they are vs. who they ought to be
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Contingencies of self-worth
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A certain area that highly affects self-esteem
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Self-evaluation maintenance model (2)
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Methods of boosting self-esteem
Reflection - associating ourselves with the accomplishments of others Social comparisons - choose to compare oneself favorable to others |
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self-verification theory
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- Want accurate views of abilities to ensure success
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Self-monitoring
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Tendency to monitor and scrutinize behavior in public - high monitors conform more
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Self-handicapping
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Self-defeating behaviors so you can assume fail is from that, not abilities
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Causal attribution
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Explanation for the cause of a person's behaviors
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Explanatory dimensions of attribution
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- Internal vs. external
- Stable vs. instable - Global vs. specific |
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Covariation principle
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Behavioral attributions are made by weighing information about the potential causes of behavior
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Discounting principle
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Less weight should be given to a cause of behavior if there are alternate causes present
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Augmentation principle
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More weight should be given to a behavior if other causes present would have produced the opposite result
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Counterfactual thinking
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More regret if the "what if" is clearer
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Self-serving bias
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Failures - external
Success - internal |
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Pluralistic ignorance
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Observing people whose acts are different from their preference because of concern for social consequences
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Primacy effect
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First info of a list is emphasized
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Recency effect
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Last item in a list is emphasized
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Top-down processing
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Processing with prior knowledge - info is filtered and interpreted by expectations
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Bottom-up processing
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Data-driven information processing - judgments are made by taking info piece by piece
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Availability heuristic
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Judgments made based on the ease of bringing examples to mind
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Representative heuristic
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Judgments based on the similarity between the target and a prototypical example
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Planning fallacy
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Representative heuristic resulting from only inside thinking - not taking broader perspective (timing for a project)
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Illusory Correlation
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Illusion that two variables are correlated (car wash and rain)
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Balance theory
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People try to maintain a balance between their thoughts, feelings, and sentiments (balanced triads)
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Cognitive dissonance theory
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Inconsistencies in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors creates unpleasant feelings that motivate resolution
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Effort justification
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Greater effort expended leads to more dissonance and more attempts to rationalize
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Induced compliance
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Subtly getting people to act in ways inconsistent with their attitudes (paying money to say it's interesting)
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Self affirmation
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Boosting our self esteem and identity by focusing on important aspects of the self
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Self-perception theory
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People infer their attitudes from observing their behavior
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Primary appraisal stage
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Initial appraisal of whether an event is in line or not with one's goals (pleasant/unpleasant)
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Secondary appraisal
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Later appraisal which concerns why we feel how we do (anger, fear, pride, etc)
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Oxytocin
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Given in childbirth, sex, and breastfeeding. Encourages trust.
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Broaden and build hypothesis
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Positive emotions lead to more flexible thinking, creativity, and socialness
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Immune neglect
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We think we are less resilient that we really are
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Two-factor theory of emotions
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emotions are made of two components:
-unexplained physiological arousal -cognitive explanation of the arousal |
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Ideomotor action
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Thinking about an action increases the likelihood of doing it
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Informational social influence
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conformity based on the desire to be accurate
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Conformity levels off at x people
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4
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private/public & info/norm influence
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Private - Info
Public - Norm |
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Sherif vs. Asch study
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Sherif - all knew, all obeyed
Asch - didn't know, obeyed |
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Milgram study
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electric shock
teacher closer = less shock |
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Norm of reciprocity
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Returning favors
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Reactance theory
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Disagreeing to express freewill
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Negative state relief hypothesis
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Agree more when feel guilty
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Three components of attitude
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Affective - how it makes you feel
Behavioral - what you did to it Cognitive - what you know about it |
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Utilitarian function of attitude
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maximize utility, minimize cost
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Value-expressive function of attitude
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express beliefs
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Knowledge function of attitude
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organize info - bias?
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Ego-defensive function of attitude
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Defend strong beliefs
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Central systematic route of processing
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Change attitudes through process of reasoning - care
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Peripheral heuristic route of processing
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Change attitudes through feelings and associations - don't care
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Sleeper effect
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Remembering an invalid argument and thinking it's valid
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thought polarization hypothesis
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The longer an issue is examined, the more extreme the opinion
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Functional distance
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Distance in terms of interaction opportunities
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Three reasons proximity forms friendships
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- Mere Exposure effect - more you see it, more you like it
- Anticipating interactions - Availability |
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Propinquity
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Physical or emotional proximity
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Mere exposure effect
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The more you see or hear something, the more you like it
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4 reasons we befriend similar people
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- Social validation (agreeing)
- More fluent interactions - More likely to like us - Characteristics we like |
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Halo effect
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Attractive people have other good qualities
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Reward theory
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We are attracted to people who reward us/make us feel good
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Social exchange theory
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We like people who reward us most and desire least
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Equity theory
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We must both contribute the same
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Harlow's monkeys
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Preferred warmth/looks over milk
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Attachment theory
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How caring our parents are as babies helps determine our future relationships
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Secure attachment
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Trust - Seeks attention when mother is back
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Anxious/Ambivalent attachment
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Fear/anger - goes to mom but avoids contact
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Avoidance attachment
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Insecure - avoids mother
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Relational self
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How we feel about ourselves, derived from our relationships
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Communal relationship
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Give and take what you can, no scorekeeping
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Strange situation
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Experiment where baby's mother is replaced by a stranger
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Who gets power?
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Most social, emotionally intelligent, outgoing - not cunning
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Approach/Inhibited theory of power
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Social power = approach behavior
Unsocial power = inhibited behavior (more threat) |
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Social dominance orientation
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Powerful groups have more stereotyping
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Magee dominance study
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People thought of being powerful were less able to write a backwards E on their heads
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Triangle of love
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Intimacy
Passion Commitment |
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Intimacy/Commitment
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Companionate love
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Intimacy/Passion
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Romantic love
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Passion only
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Infatuation
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Commitment only
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Empty love
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All three on triangle
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Consummate love
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Self-expansion
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INcluding an intimate partner in description of self
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Three factors of commitment
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Rewards
Alternatives Investment |
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Top predictors of divorce
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Neuroticism
Sensitive to reject Marrying young Financial stress |
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Four behaviors of divorce
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Criticism
Defensiveness Stonewalling Contempt |
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Construal tendencies
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Saying your partner sucks, saying good things are temporary, blame
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Implicit attitude
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Measure of someone's automatic attitude towards a group
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Economic perspective of prejudice
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Social groups compete over scarce recources
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Motivational perspective of prejudice
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Want to favor your in-group more
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Cognitive perspective of prejudice
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Due to schemas
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Realistic group conflict theory
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Competition for scarce resources increases prejudice
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Robbers cave experiment
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Competitive tourney = hostility. Solved by superordinate (cooperative) goals
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Social identity theory
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We identify ourselves by our in-groups, so we try to make those better
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Minimal group paradigm
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Group with no associations
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Subtyping
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Making a group that is an exception to a stereotype
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Attributional ambiguity
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Not sure if things are because of you or your stereotype
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Stereotype threat
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Fear of fulfilling stereotypes
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Frustration-aggression theory
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Frustration signals a goal has been thwarted, aggression is intended to motivate goal achievement - always
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Neo-Associationistic Account
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Aggression is caused by aversive stimuli that makes us angry
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Inclusive fitness
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Look out for ourselves and families so our genes survive
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Three reasons for helping
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Social rewards
Experienced distress - Guilt Empathetic concern |
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Negative state relief hypothesis
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Helping just to get rid of bad feelings
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Empathy-altruism hypothesis
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Empathy for another helping out altruistically
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Diffusion of responsibility
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Failure to act because you assume others will
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Pluralistic ignorance
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Not acting because no one else is so you assume you don't need to be alarmed
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Urban-overload hypothesis
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People living in cities keep to themselves to limit overstimulation
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Ultimatum game
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One person chooses how to divide, but the other can have both get zero
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Tit-for-tat strategy
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Start by cooperating, then do whatever the other person did last
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