Psych - Exam Ii

Front 1

Cell Body

Back 1

The portion of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus but does not incorporate the dendrites or axon.

Front 2

Dendrite

Back 2

Starting point of senors

Front 3

Axon

Back 3

A nerve fiber that transmits signals

Front 4

Axon Terminal

Back 4

endings by which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells

Front 5

Synapse

Back 5

junction where transmission of information takes place between a nerve fibre and another nerve cell

Front 6

Neurotransmitter

Back 6

chemical substance, such as acetylcholine or dopamine, that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse

Front 7

New learning can lead to creation of . . .

Back 7

new neurons & development of Myelin sheaths

Front 8

Resting Potentials

Back 8

electrical potential across a nerve cell membrane before it is stimulated to release the charge

Front 9

Action Potential

Back 9

change in electrical potential on the surface of a cell, especially of a nerve or muscle cell, that occurs when it is stimulated

Front 10

All-or-none impulses

Back 10

the neuron either does not reach the threshold or a full action potential is fired - this is the "ALL OR NONE" principle

Front 11

How neurons communicate intensity

Back 11

temporal & spatial summation???

Front 12

Excitatory vs. Inhibitory signals

Back 12

excitatory (causing an increase in firing rate), inhibitory (causing a decrease in firing rate

Front 13

Medula

Back 13

controls heart and respiration rate, digestive functions, blood pressure

Front 14

Pons

Back 14

contains centers regulating sleep, feeding and facial expression

Front 15

Thalamus

Back 15

a relay station; receives input from eyes, ear, spinal cord, relays information to cerebral cortex

Front 16

Cerebellum

Back 16

controls well-practiced , automatic fine motor movement

Front 17

Basal Ganglia

Back 17

involved in motor control

Front 18

Amygdala

Back 18

formation and storage of memories associated with emotional events

Front 19

Hippocampus

Back 19

spatial learning

Front 20

Hypothalamus

Back 20

involved with basic regulatory functions & hormone control

Front 21

Names of the major divisions of the Cerebral Cortex

Back 21

FRONTAL LOBE
PARIETAL LOBE
OCCIPITAL LOBE
TEMPORAL LOBE

Front 22

Defn: Contralateral

Back 22

Sensory & motor messages from one side of body go to the other side of the brain

Front 23

Defn: Lateralized

Back 23

Some brain functions are dominant in either the Left hemisphere or the Right hemisphere

Front 24

Corpus Callosum

Back 24

connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Front 25

Left-Hemisphere functions

Back 25

Speech, Language, analytical, Story maker; In the past & future

Front 26

Right Hemisphere functions

Back 26

Patterns, Spatial, artistic, emotional; in the now

Front 27

Broca's

Back 27

Aphasia

Front 28

Wernicke's Aphasia

Back 28

speak in long sentences that have no meaning

Front 29

Prosopagnosia

Back 29

ability to recognize faces is impaired

Front 30

Motivation

Back 30

factors (internal & external) that cause an individual to behave in a particular way at a particular time

Front 31

Drive

Back 31

Internally factors of motivation

Front 32

Incentive

Back 32

Externally factors of motivation

Front 33

Endorphins

Back 33

Neurotransmitter associated with liking

Front 34

Dopamine

Back 34

Neurotransmitter associated with wanting

Front 35

Wanting Systems

Back 35

Creates incentive value and motivates goal-directed effort

Front 36

Liking Systems

Back 36

Provides feeling of pleasure and reward

Front 37

Fear Systems

Back 37

Readies responsiveness and motivates escape and avoidance

Front 38

Disgust Systems

Back 38

Creates desire to withdraw from stimulus

Front 39

Approach/Avoidance system associated with Dopamine

Back 39

Wanting

Front 40

Approach/Avoidance system associated with Endorphins

Back 40

Liking

Front 41

Approach/Avoidance system associated with Norepinephrine

Back 41

Fear

Front 42

Approach/Avoidance system associated with Endocannabinoids

Back 42

Disgust

Front 43

Approach/Avoidance system associated with Nucleus Accumbens

Back 43

Wanting

Front 44

Approach/Avoidance system associated with Insula

Back 44

Disgust

Front 45

Approach/Avoidance system associated with Amygdala

Back 45

Fear

Front 46

Arcuate Nucleus

Back 46

In hypothalamus, REGULATES HUNGER

Front 47

Neuopeptide Y, Ghrelin, Orexin

Back 47

Appetite Stimulants

Front 48

PYY, Leptin

Back 48

Appetite Suppresants

Front 49

Sensory-specific satiety

Back 49

Satisfied with one food/flavor but willing for another

Front 50

Delayed effect of PPY

Back 50

takes 15 mins to tell brain you have eaten enough

Front 51

Garcia Effect

Back 51

Animals can be disgusted by food after one bad experience

Front 52

Theory of Paternal Investment

Back 52

Women incur greater investment in birthing so they are more selective

Front 53

DHEA

Back 53

Pre-puberty hormone for sex-drive

Front 54

Testosterone

Back 54

Crucial for sex drive in most mammals, promotes sexual behavior by exciting neurons in the medial preoptic area (MPA) of the hypothalamus

Front 55

Medial Preoptic Area of Hypothalamus

Back 55

In men, where neurons are excited, promoting sexual behavior

Front 56

Ventromedial Area of Hypothalamus

Back 56

In women, where neurons are excited, promoting sexual behavior

Front 57

Suprachaismatic Nucleus

Back 57

regulates circadian rhythms

Front 58

Pons (Sleep Drive Mechanism)

Back 58

Tells body to stay awake

Front 59

VLPA

Back 59

Tells body to go to sleep (part of hypothalamus)

Front 60

Adenosine

Back 60

Neurotransmitter that brings on sleep

Front 61

Length of sleep cycles

Back 61

90-110 minutes

Front 62

Stages of REM Sleep

Back 62

After 30-60 min. of deep sleep, the cycle reverses
Brain wave activity (Beta waves) mimics alert wakefulness
But muscles are relaxed, motor signals are inhibited, and individuals

Front 63

Dreaming occurs during

Back 63

REM sleep

Front 64

Activation-Synthesis Theory

Back 64

Dreams are created by random firings which the left hemisphere turns into a story

Front 65

Preservation and Protection Theory

Back 65

Sleep preserves energy
Sleep motivates animals to tuck away safely and quietly at dangerous times during the 24-hour day
The more time it takes a species to meet energy needs and the less able that species is to hide away, the less they will sleep (and vice versa)
Also explains diurnal vs. nocturnal behavior

Front 66

Body Restoration Theory

Back 66

Non-REM Sleep ; Growth hormone secretion and protein synthesis occur at much higher levels during non-REM sleep; Glycogen (the brain’s “energy reserves”) is depleted during the day and is synthesized during non-REM & REM sleep; When sleep deprived, our brains utilize less glucose ("energy"), possibly because its glycogen reserves are depleted and have not been restored.

Front 67

REM sleep

Back 67

Possibly "exercise" for neurons to help prevent the degeneration of unused synapses; Sleep may play a role in consolidating new learning

Front 68

Negative Effects of Sleep Deprivation

Back 68

Cognitive Performance Effects
Perceptual Acuity, Alertness, and Reaction Time all drop
Executive functioning (decisions & impulse control) drop
Memory deficits for positive, but not negative, events

Front 69

Obesity-related effects of Sleep deprivation

Back 69

Leptin levels fall, grehlin levels rise; Cortisol increases (increasing stress levels and fat storage)

Front 70

3 Memory Stores

Back 70

Sensory Memory
Working memory
Long-Term Memory

Front 71

Sensory Memory

Back 71

Attention & Preattentive Processing; Iconic & Echoic Memory; Priming

Front 72

Working Memory

Back 72

Phonological Loop
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Central Executive

Front 73

Long Term Memory

Back 73

encoding & retrieval

Front 74

Control Processes

Back 74

Attention; Encoding; Retrieval

Front 75

Attentive Processing

Back 75

Active

Front 76

Pre-attentive Processing

Back 76

filtering, passive

Front 77

Cocktail Party Phenomenon

Back 77

notice a sound that might be relevant even though we are not paying attention

Front 78

Echoic

Back 78

short-term sound memory

Front 79

Iconic

Back 79

short-term visual memory

Front 80

Encoding Methods

Back 80

Maintenance Rehearsal; Phonological Loop vs. Visuospatial Sketchpad

Front 81

Maintenance Rehearsal (working memory)

Back 81

Repeating to keep in short-term memory

Front 82

Phonological Loop vs. Visuospatial Sketchpad

Back 82

verbal vs. spatial info

Front 83

Encoding Rehearsal (long-term memory)

Back 83

Process of creating long-term memories

Front 84

Elaboration

Back 84

tying new information to already known

Front 85

Organization

Back 85

chunking info into bits for easier storing

Front 86

Visualization

Back 86

encoding verbally & visually; grouping bits into wholes

Front 87

Anterograde Amnesia

Back 87

Trouble remembering events before trauma

Front 88

Retrograde Amnesia

Back 88

Trouble remembering events after trauma; can’t form new long-term memories

Front 89

Homeostasis

Back 89

the body's ability to physiologically regulate its inner environment

Front 90

Abnormal leptin or leptin receivers

Back 90

Possible cause of obesity

Front 91

Evolutionary Perspectives on Mate Preference

Back 91

?

Front 92

Estrogen & Progesterone

Back 92

Sex hormones in women

Front 93

Associations & Retrieval Cues

Back 93

?

Front 94

Subliminal Priming

Back 94

?