Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
DISCRETE EMOTIONS THEORY
|
-Humans experience a small number of distinct emotions that can combine in complex ways
-Evolutionary adaptive? -Innate motor programming? |
|
|
DISCRETE EMOTIONS THEORY
Primary Emotions |
Cross-culturally universal emotions:
Happiness Disgust Sadness Fear Surprise Contempt Anger |
|
|
James-Lange Theory
|
Emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli
Patients with higher spinal cord injuries report less emotion that those with lower spinal cord injuries |
|
|
Cannon-Bard Theory
|
Cannon-Bard Theory
An emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotional and bodily reaction Fight or Flight Response |
|
|
Somatic Marker
|
Autonomic nervous system responses guide our actions
Useful for explaining emotional decisions - Heart pounding first date, rush from winning card game May not explain all decision making |
|
|
EMOTION AND THE BRAIN
|
The Limbic system processes emotional stimuli
Amygdala: detects negative/aversive stimuli or consequences Nucleus accumbens: Active when we detect positive/reinforcing stimuli or consequences The amygdala receives input from sensory brain areas and outputs to the frontal lobe Ventral Prefrontal Cortex: lower frontal lobe- can inhibit emotional responses |
|
|
Motivation
|
the drives that propel us
|
|
|
Drive Reduction Theory
|
Certain drives like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration, motivate us to minimize aversive states
We’re motivated to maintain a given level of psychological homeostasis |
|
|
Yerkes-Dodson Law
|
Our drives influence our performance
-Easy tasks: moderate arousal is best -Complex tasks: less arousal than simple tasks, bust still more than low arousal |
|
|
Incentive Theories
|
We’re often motivated by positive goals
-Intrinsic motivation: motivated by internal goals -Extrinsic motivation: motivated by external goals |
|
|
Contrast Effect
|
Once we receive reinforcement for performing a behavior, we expect that reinforcement again
|
|
|
Food
|
Brain is the center for food cravings, not stomach
Lateral hypothalamus- plays role in initiating eating Ventromedial hypothalamus- indicates when to stop eating Hormones: Orexin- regulates sleeping and eating |
|
|
Stress
|
Tension, discomfort, physical symptom with no ability to cope
Common stressors -Major life events (p. 497) -Depression and anxiety |
|
|
General Adaptation Syndrome
|
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
|
|
|
Biological responses to Alarm
|
Hypothalamus releases chemicals
Activated anterior pituitary gland Activates adrenal cortex Release of Cortisol |
|
|
Stress Responses
|
Alarm response happens during withdrawal from drugs of abuse -> drug seeking behavior
Fight or Flight ->consequence of alarm women turn to support more than men PTSD: overactive alarm after stressful event |
|
|
DSM-IV Mood Disorders
|
weight loss, sleep loss, fatigue
|
|
|
Bipolar Disorder
|
major depression with a history of at least one manic episode
Very heritable Increased risk of suicide |
|
|
Manic Episode
|
Symptoms: dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self esteem, increased talkativeness, irresponsible behavior
|
|
|
Dissociative Disorder
|
Disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception
|
|
|
Depersonalization Disorder
|
out of body experiences
|
|
|
Dissociative Amnesia
|
Inability to recall important personal information
|
|
|
Dissociative fugue
|
sudden unexpected travel away from home or workplace, accompanied by amnesia for significant life events
|
|
|
Dissociative Identity Disorders
|
Formerly Multiple Personality Disorder
Very rare and controversial (difficult to diagnose) Usually the result of severe and prolonged physical and emotional trauma |
|
|
Schizophrenia
Negative Symptoms |
marked by absence: flattened mood, lack of movement, lack of motivations
|
|
|
Schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms |
marked by presence: hallucinations (auditory), delusions, paranoia
|
|
|
Schizophrenia
Cognitive Symptoms |
Disordered thought: Word salad, short attention span, brain degeneration, psychomotor slowness
|
|
|
Explanation of Schizophrenia
|
heritable
after experiencing family related trauma increased dopamine presence in mesolimbic pathway (too much dopamine made) |
|
|
Personality Disorders
|
Fixed personality traits that lead to discomfort or psychological impairment
|
|
|
Borderline personality disorder:
|
increased impulsivity and rapidly fluctuating emotions
|
|
|
Antisocial personality disorder:
|
condition marked by a lengthy history of irresponsible and/or illegal actions
|
|
|
Psychopathic personality:
|
personality marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centerednes, and risk-taking
|
|
|
Substance Abuse
|
recurrent problems associated with a drug
|
|
|
Substance dependence
|
pattern of substance use associated with tolerance and withdrawal
|
|
|
Addiction
|
Most drugs of abuse (nicotine, cocaine, heroin, amphetamine, etc.)
-Affect the brain’s reward circuit -Alter the functioning of the frontal lobe Nucleus accumbens- an area in the limbic system that is flooded with dopamine when we engage in reinforcing activities |
|
|
Reward and Addiction
|
Dopamine released in NA
All drugs of abuse elevate dopamine levels in the NA or in the mesolimbic pathway (directly or indirectly) |
|
|
Psychotherapy
|
women go more than men
patients who are willing do better patients with some anxiety do better |
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
Goal: make unconscious conflicts conscious
Six techniques to uncover conflicts: Free association Interpretation Dream analysis Resistance Transference Working through |
|
|
Humanistic existential psychotherapy
|
Reaching your potential
Two approaches to reaching potential: 1. humanistic: self actualization occurs naturally, unless roadblocks hamper it 2. existential: struggle, pain, and self-discipline inevitably occur along the road to personal fulfillment |
|
|
Humanistic psychotherapy: Carl Rogers
|
Person-centered therapy: centered on the patient’s goals and ways of solving problems
Therapists exhibit unconditional positive regard Exact opposite of Freudian therapy: patient is in control of the session |
|
|
Flooding
|
Provokes anxiety in the absence of negative consequences
Outcome: extinction of learned negative reactions Can be done w/ virtual reality! |
|
|
Systematic desensitization
|
Relaxed state
Anxiety provoking situation presented Patient rates anxiety level Each time anxiety level goes up, therapist guides patient back to relaxation Starts slow Imagining Pictures of Real thing |
|
|
Aversion Theory
|
uses punishment to decrease frequency of undesirable behaviors
Controversial but also useful in institutions and prisons |
|
|
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
|
attempts to replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions with more adaptive, rational ones.
Emphasis on ‘automatic thoughts’ that one experiences Therapy designed for patient to realize that he/she is producing these maladaptive thoughts Extremely effective in conjunction with psychiatric medication |
|
|
Group Therapies
|
About as effective as individual
Social support Internet self help groups are even effective |
|
|
Strategic Family Intervention
|
Family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication between family members
|
|
|
Structural family therapy
|
Treatment in which therapists deeply involve themselves in family activities to change the structure of interactions
|
|
|
Psychosurgery
|
Prefrontal lobotomy:
-Useful in reducing psychotic outbursts -Used as absolute last resort -Largely abandoned due to discovery of Thorazine |
|
|
Electroconvulsive Therapy
|
Brief electrical pulses to the brain which produce seizure and treat serious psychological problems
-Used only if all else fails -Effective 80-90% of time -Not as uncomfortable as it sounds |
|
|
Thorazine (pharmacotherapy drug)
|
Found to reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia (hallucinations, etc.)
|
|
|
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
|
Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil
Treat depression, social anxiety, OCD |
|
|
Antipsychotics
|
Clozapine, Thorazine
Treat seizures and schizophrenia |
|
|
Anxiolytics
|
Valium, Xanax, Clonapin
Acute treatment of panic attacks, can be used as sleep aids |
|
|
Side effects of modern psychotropic drugs
|
weight gain, weight loss, reduced libido, nausea, dry mouth
|
