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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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personality: raymond cattell
- philosophy - construction - evolution |
- lexical hypothesis: over years and years, similar words used to describe people; perhaps an "evolutionary" preference for some words of description over others?
- reduced all the words to 171 trait names --> 16 polar personality dimensions - big five: five personality dimensions - eysenck's scales: neuroticism (stable vs unstable); extraversion-introversion |
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criticisms against trait theory
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situationism: walter mischel
- people's behaviors also depend on situations - stimuli of our environment condition our responses (extroverts and introverts will tend to be quiet in libraries - strong situation, even if they are not the same at cocktail parties - weak situations) |
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criticisms against criticisms of trait theory
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from twin studies, we know that there are some underlying traits that are biological determined
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mmpi
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minnesota multiphasic personality index
- assess patient profiles by DISCRIMINATING between different signals of disorders -- vague questions are eliminated since they don't distinguish one group of patients from the next |
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barnum effect
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fortune-teller effect: fortune-teller can predict certain things about you/your personality because they are true of everyone (you want to be happy, you care about how people perceive you, etc.)
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causes of mental illness from different points of view: medical, psychoanalytic, behavioral
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medical: biological, genetic
psychoanalytic: learned experiences in early childhood behavioral: learned experiences, but not necessarily early childhood |
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the three s's: signs, symptoms, syndromes
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symptoms: patient's chief complaints
signs: accompany symptoms, visible to doctor syndrome: patterns of symptoms |
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positive symptoms
- definition - in the context of schizo |
excess or distortion of normal functions
for schizo: - delusions - hallucinations - disorganized speech - disorganized behavior positive symptoms are easier to treat with medication (may be traced back to dopamine) |
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negative symptoms
- definition - in the context of schizo |
dimunition or loss of normal function
for schizo: - loss of personal contact - for some, a catatonic state |
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schizo: dopamine hypothesis
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positive symptoms of schizo may be due to an OVERSENSITIVITY of dopamine receptors (we know this because people who overdose on METH show schizo symptoms)
solution is to block dopamine receptors using thorazine/chlorpromazine |
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medicating schizo: cons
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- patients have to actually STAY ON the meds (not like a cold where you take the meds for a few weeks and then are good to go)
- meds have bad side effects |
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schizo: physiological, biological causes
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- general brain atrophy
- subsequent enlargement of ventricles to fill up the rest of the skull |
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cognitive theory of depression
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- negative internal locus of control (everything is MY FAULT)
- thoughts that are global and bad (I can't do ANYTHING right) - situations that are STABLE and bad (It's always going to be like this) |
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learned helplessness theory: evidence in support
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- dogs
- geranium plants in senior citizen home - coons' rat experiment |
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phobias
- definition - conditioning? - preparedness theory - desensitization |
irrational fears
- can be conditioned - preparedness theory: certain evolutionarily-developed phobias that are biologically trained (snakes, wild animals) - desensitization treatment method: slowly work from thoughts about string to patient actually holding a snake - gradual steps |
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OCD
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obsessions, compulsions (often irrational)
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MAOI
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increase amount of neurotransmitters (NE, 5HT but primarily NE) by inhibiting the breakdown of the reuptaken neurotransmitter so that it exists for longer
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SSRI
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increase amount of neurotransmitter by increasing the duration of the presence in the synapse - "selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor"
- is better than MAOI - ex: Prozac |
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diathesis-stress model: dissociative disorders
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diathesis: suggestibility (able to be hypnotized, to self-hypnotize)
stress: BOTH must be present - history of child abuse, tendency/ability to create a new situation for yourself (create a world, playmate to escape abusive life, playmate eventually becomes a part of you) |
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generalized anxiety disorders
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panic attacks - acute awareness of your physiological actions (heartbeat, etc), PTSD (prolonged panic attacks)
- both instigated by a traumatic event |
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the following disorders are typically treated with which drugs?
- schizo - mood disorders - anxiety |
schizo: antipsychotics
- thorazine depression: antidepressants - prozac manic-depressives: lithium chloride anxiety: anxiolytics - valium/xanax |
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transference
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patient reacts to the therapist as if the therapist is someone in patients past/life
- countertransference: therapist responds to patient as though patient is someone in therapist's life |
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classical psychoanalysis will prove effective when...
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catharsis: explosion of relief brought on by unveiling of repressed material
- then, patient and therapist can work with this material |
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behavioral therapist is not interested in this aspect of the patient
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experiences of early childhood
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cognitive-behavioral therapy
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primarily deals with treating anxiety
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evidence for success of therapy
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80% of people who go to therapy turn out better than 50% of people who don't
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four-stage model of therapy
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1st stage: development of working alliance with therapist
2: identify problems 3: work through them 4: termination (if you get to this stage - can be difficult to determine when the patient is ready, in terms of progress and in terms of emotional attachment to therapist) |
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common themes to most therapies
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relationship effects
impersonal learning emotional defusing self-knowledge overlapping techniques |
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ego psychology
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anna freud, mischel
marshmallow test: people that show ego strength (mastery over delay of gratification) early on show greater social abilities in adolescence) |
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positive psychology
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seligman
ability to improve your mood based upon observation that humans tend to have a relatively constant setpoint for happiness regardless of lifestyle - poor and rich, lottery winners and amputees eventually gravitate back towards a certain level of happiness |
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maslow
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humanist
hierarchy of needs: - solve lowest before you can go higher - self-actualization, peak experiences are at top |
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freud: stages of development
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psychosexual stages
oral - anal - phallic - genital - fixations at any one of these stages will cause conflicts later in life |
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freud: anxiety
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all anxiety and irrationality stems from unconscious conflicts
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freud: dreams
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show unfulfilled id impulses (unfulfilled wishes), forbidden urges, protective disguises
- manifest dream: what you perceive as your dream (edited version); latent dream: raw data that is unconsciously edited |
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freud: 3 components
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id: life/death instincts, operates on pleasure principle
superego: rules and customs of parents/society ego: compromise between id, superego; operates on the reality principle |
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freud: the therapy method
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free association: patients just talk
resistance: patient ignores prods at certain topics - caused by anxiety-driven attempt by the unconscious to keep repressed memories from coming to concious |
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freud: repression
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an attempt by the unconscious mind to keep forbidden memories out of the mind
- different from isolation, which involves only the emotions of the event but not the event itself |
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freud: defense mechanisms
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displacement: acting out blame on wrong person
reaction formation: saying the opposite of what you feel rationalization: i didn't really want that anyway projection: blaming someone else for your actions isolation |
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SRCVOC: tested what?
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recognition memory: differences between source recognition and familiarity?
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SRCVOC: effectiveness of methodology
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asked whether computer had shown me a name (source recognition) or not; if i answered yes, computer had shown me, but it hadn't, that would have been familiarity
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SRCVOC: relate to class
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differences in recognition/recall
- attempted to memorize, but the number and speed of the names presented forced me to rely solely on my ability to recognize the names in round 2 memory effects: latency, recency, 7+/-2 |
