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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Trial and Error |
Finding an answer through a series of attempts |
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Algorithm |
A set of rules that provide solutions to problems |
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Heuristics -Availability Heuristic -Representative heuristic |
Mental shortcuts that apply "rule of thumb" "thinking from your gut" Availability - People judge the frequency of events in the world by the ease with which examples come to mind Representative - Evaluates the degree to which characteristics of a person are similar to our prototype of that person |
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Insight |
A solution that occurs in a sudden stroke of clarity |
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Concept |
Mental representations of categories |
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Formal and Natural concepts |
Formal - Concept defined by a set of rules Natural - Concept defined by everyday perceptions and experiences |
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Prototype |
The "ideal" example of a natural concept |
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Function fixedness |
When we imagine using objects in a familiar way and not in any different way |
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Guilford's Alternative Uses Test |
People given a paperclip and told to find as many uses for it as possible Originality, Fluency, Flexibility, Elaboration |
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Confirmation Bias |
Looking for evidence that upholds our beliefs and overlooking evidence that counters it |
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Framing Effect |
Losses feel worse than gains |
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Intelligence |
Ability to solve problems, adapt to the environment, and learn from experiences |
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IQ test |
Most tests measure aptitude (a person's potential for learning) |
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Validity and Reliability Examples |
Validity - Are you measuring what you intend to measure? (A weight scale telling you your height) Reliability - Are the results of a measure consistent and reproducible? (If you weigh yourself and it says 100 lbs and then step off and back on and it says 110 lbs, it's not reliable) |
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Standardization |
A test is administered to students and their scores are based off of average scores |
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Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences List the 7 intelligences |
Linguistic Logical - Mathematical Musical Bodily - Kinesthetic Spatial - Visual Interpersonal Intrapersonal |
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Convergent Thinking |
Focuses on finding a single best solution to a problem |
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Divergent Thinking |
Ability to devise many solutions to a problem
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Longitudinal Study |
Measure a single group at different points in time |
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Cross-Sectional |
Measures groups of people different ages at the same time |
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Cross-Sequential |
Mixture of Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional |
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Cohort Effect |
A common factor that connects generations together Highschoolers have shot attention spans |
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Genotype |
Complete collection of genes 23 Chromosomes |
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Phenotype |
Observable characteristics of one's genetic inheritance
Eye color, skin color, height, etc. |
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Teratogens |
Agents that can damage a zygote, embryo, or fetus |
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Sensorimotor |
Birth - 2 Years Use sensory abilities and motor activities |
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Preoperational |
2 - 7 Years Children use language to explore their world |
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Concrete operational |
7 - 11 Years Begin thinking more logically Take everything literally |
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Formal operational |
11 and up Think more logically and systematically Think critically |
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Assessing stage of cognitive development |
Object Permanence, Three mountains test, conservation of volume, and third eye |
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Object Permanence |
When children realize the item still exists even though they can not see the item |
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Three mountains task |
Can the child imagine a perspective other than their own?
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Conservation of volume |
Does a child understand that the amount of liquid stays the same when poured into a different shaped container
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Harlow Monkey Study |
A monkey was given a food mother and a loving mother and he chose the loving mother over the food mother |
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Secure attachment |
65% of infants Distressed when mother leaves Avoids strangers when mother isn't around but is friendly when mother is around |
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Avoidance attachment |
20% of infants No sign of distress when the mother leaves |
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Anvious/Ambivalent attachment |
15% of infants Shows intense distress when mother leaves Avoids stranger |
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Walter Mischel's Marshmallow Study |
Kids given a marshmallow and told if it's still there in 10 minutes they would get 2, but they can eat the marshmallow now if they wanted to |
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Delay of Gratification |
Wait for gratification |
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Immediate Gratification |
Want immediate gratification
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Fixed mindset |
You are smart Intelligence is a fixed state; it doesn't change Someone believes they are smart so they don't study and make excuses etc |
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Growth mindset |
You are hard working
Hard work is a growth state; it can change |
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Parenting Styles: Authoritarian |
Strict Want things done a certain way |
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Parenting Styles: Authoritative |
High expectations Warm attitude |
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Parenting Styles: Permissive |
"too nice" Demands little of the child and imposes few limitations |
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Parenting Styles: Uninvolved |
Do not involve themselves with their children Emotionally detached |
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Trust vs mistrust |
Birth - 1 Virtue of Hope Infants are uncertain about their world and depend on others for life |
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Autonomy vs shame |
1 - 3 Years Virtue of Will Toddlers learn to walk and talk |
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Initiative vs guilt |
3 - 6 Years
Virtue of Purpose Children begin to ask questions |
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Industry vs inferiority |
6 - Puberty
Virtue of Competence Feel a sense of accomplishment and self-esteem |
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Ego identity vs role confusion |
Puberty - 20's
Virtue of Fidelity Becoming more independent and begin to look at the future in terms of career, relationships, and families |
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Intimacy vs isolation |
20's - 40's
Virtue of Love Being to share ourselves more intimately with others |
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Generativity vs stagnation |
40's - Mid 60's Virtue of Care Establish careers and settle down with a family |
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Integrity vs despair |
60's - Death
Virtue of Wisdom Comtemplate our accomplishments |
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Kubler-Ross stages of death |
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance |
