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190 Cards in this Set
- Front
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stress
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• Defined as a negative emotional experience that occurs when demands on a person are greater than his or her capabilities
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Link between stress and illness?
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○ When stressed-more likely to get sick
○ Researchers try to quantify stress |
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What makes events stressful?
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• Four sources of stress listed in text; what do they have in common?
○ Unpleasant or negative events ○ Uncontrollable or unpredictable events ○ Ambiguous events ○ Unresolvable events |
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What did Holmes and Rahe define stress as?
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s the degree to which you have to change and readjust your life to an external event ○ More change that is required yields more stress
• Definition refers to both positive and negative events |
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• Social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) and its link to illness
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○ More items that you check of on list=more likely to be sick
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Link between objective stress and physical illness
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• Study examining presence of immunoglobulin A in undergraduates' saliva
○ Immunoglobulin A stops you from getting sick ○ Substance dropped during examine week ○ Then returned to normal after week of finals |
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• Major life events vs. daily hassles-regarding stess
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daily hassles can add up
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Problems with Research linking SRRS to illness
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• Research is correlational
○ Correlation does not mean causation • Objective vs. subjective appraisals of events ○ Both women experiencing a divorce ○ One women could be very happy about divorce while the other is not Both women would get the same SRRS scor |
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• Study by Cohen, Tyrrell, and Smith
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○ Link between subjective stress and physical illness
○ When exposed to a cold virus, only between 20 and 60 percent will get sick ○ Hypothesis that stress is going to lead you to become sick when exposed ○ Subjects were to stay at lab for a week ○ Subjects supposed to make a list of what presented them with a negative impact ○ Nasal drops given with either cold virus or saline drops ○ People that reported least amount of stress, about 20 percent got a cold ○ People that reported the most amount of stress, about 50 percent got a cold |
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Physical effects of stress: Selye's theory
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• Research with rats
• General adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
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General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
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Alarm, resistance stage, exhaustion
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Alarm-GAS
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§ Brief period of high arousal of sympathetic nervous system
§ Getting body ready for fight or flight |
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Resistance stage-GAS
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§ If the stressor continues
§ Prolonged but moderate arousal § Cope with stressor |
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Exaustion-GAS
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§ Bodies abilities to restore damaged or worn out tissue
§ When it become much more susceptible to health problems (even heart disease) § Immune system is compromised |
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Individual Factors: Fitness
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• Defined as good physical condition as evidenced by endurance and strength
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Brown Study on stress and fitness
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○ Looked at relationship between fitness and stress
○ 100 undergrads ○ Fitness in two ways § Subjective-asked how much they exercised § Objective-HR after riding bike ○ Tested illness in two ways § Subjective § Objective ○ Students who had little stress had very few illnesses ○ When stress levels were high-fitness levels became very important ○ Students who had high levels of stress and low levels of fitness § Much more likely to be sick |
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Individual factors: Hardiness (stress related)
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• Three components
○ Sense of commitment ○ Perception that difficulties can be overcome § Difficulties are a sense of challenge ○ Belief you have control over your life § "trying my best at school can make a difference"-high scores • Research linking hardness to stress ○ High levels can stop you from getting sick |
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Individual Factors: Personal Control (stress)
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• Control may reduce the negative impact of the stressor
• May increase positive emotions • Needs to be realistic • Study ○ Executive rat ○ Subordinate rat ○ Control rat ○ Executive rat received shocks until it ran fast enough ○ Subordinate rat received shocks according to executive rats ○ Subordinate rats received shock=stress |
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Individual Factors: Pessimism/optimism (stress)
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• Optimistic explanatory style-external, unstable, and specific explanations for negative events
○ I failed this exam but I will do better on the next one because the things that held me back are external reasons • Pessimistic explanatory style-internal, stable, and global explanations for a negative event ○ I failed a test because I am not smart ○ Tend to view events as not only uncontrollable, but the will get worse ○ More symptoms of sickness will occur in this group |
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• Flu study
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○ When asked about the flu, the length of flu in this group was much longer
○ Just perception ○ Probably think that they are going to get flu again (pessimistic explanatory style) |
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• Heart surgery study
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○ More optimistic the patient=the faster the recovery and the faster he was able to return to normal and active life
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Individual Factors: Type A personality
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• Identified by two cardiologists, Friedman and Rosenman
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Behavior patter of type A personality
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○ Competitive orientation toward achievement
○ Exaggerated sense of time urgency § Irritation at any time delay ○ Tendency to feel anger and hostility § Aggressive under circumstances that threaten sense of mastery |
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Characteristics of Type A study
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• They are always going and keep going
• Like to participate in athletics • Very persistent • Research linking Type A to heart problems ○ More likely to develop heart problems |
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Two types of type As
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○ One group= cynical hostility
§ Poorly adjusted § Impatient § Suspicious § Angry § Competitiveness not helpful § Hostile |
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Coping with stress
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• Refers to the ways we try to make changes, or thinking about stressors differently
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• Adaptive vs. maladaptive coping (stress coping)
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○ Maladaptive-doesn't help
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• Two forms of health coping
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○ Problem-focused
§ Taking direct action to solve a problem ○ Emotion-focused § Changing reaction toward the stressor § Changing thoughts about something-cognitive reappraisal |
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• Social support
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○ Defined as an interpersonal exchange in which one person gives help to another
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4 specific ways in which social support can be provided
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§ Emotional concern-expressions of enthalpy
§ Instrumental aid □ Provide you with goods or services because you are stressed § Providing information □ What major? Talk to upper classmen, advisor, etc. § Self-appraisal □ Seek out other people and bounce idea off of them |
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Are people with good social support better able to avoid illness?
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Yes
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Cigarette smoking
• Prevalence |
○ About 55 percent of adults in US have smoked at some point in their live
○ About 25 percent still smoke |
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Age of smoking
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• Usually begins in the early teens
• If you continue to smoke through age 20, more likely to become addicted |
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Health risks of smoking
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○ Cancer
○ Stroke ○ Lung disease ○ Etc. |
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How many deaths from smoking?
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• Link to one of every six deaths in the U.s
○ Kills more people than suicide, vehicle crashes, other drugs, etc. all combined |
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Nicotine addiction?
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○ Become more adapted to nicotine
○ Mood decrease when you do not have nicotine ○ Intense cravings ○ Some say that it is more addicted than heroin |
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Quitting Smoking
• Easy or difficult? |
○ 80 percent say they wish they could quit
○ Only about 50 percent of people are able to quit ○ 5 percent are able to quit the first time they try |
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• Stages of quitting
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preconetmplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
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○ Precontemplation
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§ Enjoy smoking
§ Not thinking about quitting |
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Contemplation
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§ Thinking of quitting
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○ Preparation
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§ Start looking into different options about quitting
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○ Action
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§ Start actually cutting down on smoking through action
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Maintenance
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§ Really a non-smoker and try to stay that way
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• Components of successful smoking cessation treatment
○ Physiological factors |
§ Gradually get down from drug
§ Ziband and Chantix- nicotine free products § Helps decrease desire for smoking |
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Components of successful smoking cessation treatment psychological factors
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§ Associated with a lot of good things
§ Form bonds taking smoke breaks § Have to identify different triggers |
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Psychological Disorders
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• Very difficult to define; examples
○ Women afraid of snakes § Will not do anything related to snakes § Would you diagnose with a phobia? § Not if she is not affected by the snakes ○ A man hears a voice inside of his head § Unusually § Diagnose him ○ There are no clear cut boundaries for diagnosing of behaviors |
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○ Maladaptive disorders
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if it causes impairment about something
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distressing disorders
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if you feel unhappy about something
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different from norm disorders
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if behavior violates social norms it could be considered abnormal
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• Diagnosis
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○ DSM- diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
§ First published in 1952 § Many editions throughout the years § Latest edition is DSM-IV-TR published in 2000 § DSM 5 is scheduled to be published next month § Includes about 250 different disorders |
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Prevalence of disorders
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○ Epidemiological studies
§ Assess prevalence of disorder in random sample § Need to be representative of the entire group § Want results to be generalizable ○ 2005 data for lifetime prevalence rates: § Any disorder-46% § Alcohol or drug abuse-15% § Anxiety disorder- 29% § Mood disorder- 21% § Schizophrenia- 1% ○ 59% of people in this study did not receive treatment |
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Anxiety disorders
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• Main symptom is fear that is out of proportion to or inconsistent with the environment
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• Healthy vs. maladaptive anxiety
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○ Healthy-jumping out of the way of truck
○ Maladaptive-irrational, uncontrollable, disruptive § Inconsistent with environment |
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• Panic disorder
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○ Characterized by presence of panic attacks
○ Symptoms include heart palpitations, sweating, chest pains, dizziness, difficulty breathing ○ Diagnosed with or without agoraphobia § Refers to fear of leaving home § Relationship to panic attacks |
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Panic disorder explanations-gentics
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§ More likely to develop if first relative has it
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panic disorder explanations-missinterpretation of physical sensations
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§ They have one attack
§ The next time they start to get nervous they induce a panic attack |
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Phobias
• Two factors necessary: |
○ Intense fear
○ Avoidance of the phobic stimulus |
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Two types of phobias
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specific and social phobias
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Specific phobias
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○ About 10 percent prevalence in population
○ More common in women ○ Four categories § Injury or blood § Situations § Animals □ Most common § Natural environment-water, heights, etc. |
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Social phobia
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• Defined as a persistent, irrational fear linked to the presence of other people; person afraid of humiliating himself in front of others
• Onset of late adolescence |
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common behaviors that are avoided with social phobia
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○ Speaking in public
○ Eating in public |
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explanation for phobias-classical conditioning
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§ Problem- majority of phobics cannot recall what event would condition them
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explanation for phobias-observational learning
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§ See mom afraid of spiders, you become afraid of spider.
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explanation of phobias- operant conditioning
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§ When there is a trauma and you are consoled, trauma will maintain the fear
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Obsessive compulsive disorder
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• The people understand it is not normal
• Reduces amount of anxiety |
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OCD explanations
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• Compulsions are learned behaviors reinforced by their consequences
• Normals vs. those with OCD re fixating on fleeting obsessive thoughts ○ They start to think, why did I think that way? • Head injuries, brain tumors, neurotransmitter serotonin |
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
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• Refers to pattern of symptoms that persist long after a traumatic situation has occurred
• Examples of trauma ○ Military ○ Natural disasters ○ Sexual assault ○ Terrorist attacks • Cause is included in criteria ○ Exposure to a trauma |
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• PTSD symptoms
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○ Re-experiencing the traumatic event
○ Avoidance ○ Increased physical arousal |
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explanation for PTSD
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○ Why doesn't everyone who suffers a trauma get PTSD?
○ Not very well understood § Role of social support and hardiness § Past history of emotional problems § More likely after human-induced trauma |
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Mood disorders: Unipolar
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• Also known as major depression
• High prevalence rates • Symptoms ○ Feeling of loss of pleasure or interest ○ Changes in appetite ○ Sleeping too much ○ Cannot fall asleep and cannot stay asleep ○ Loss of energy ○ Feelings of guilt ○ Difficulty concentrating ○ Suicidal thoughts |
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Duration of unipolar
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duration is at least two weeks
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Prevalence in men and women
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• 10% for men, 20% for women
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• Explanation for gender difference-how do men and women react to stressors
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○ Women-ruminative responses
§ Focus on stressors more ○ Men- distracting responses § Do activities to distract themselves |
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Mood disorders- Bipolar
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• Prevalence; no gender difference
○ Equally common in men and women • Person alternates between depression and mania |
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symptoms of mania
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○ Very elevated, euphoric, or irritable mood
○ Some people are very happy, some people are very crabby ○ Increase in activity level ○ Unusually talkativeness ○ Racing of thoughts ○ Inflated self esteem ○ Distractibility ○ Impulsive activities |
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Explanations for Depressions: Cognitive (Unipolar)
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• Pessimistic explanatory style:
○ Internal/external ○ Stable/unstable ○ Global/specific |
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What kind of attributions do depressed people make?
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ISG attributions
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What do non depressed people tend to have
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"positive illusions" ○ See world through positive glasses
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• Beck's cognitive triad-depressed people have a negative view of
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○ Themselves
○ The future ○ The world |
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• Cause vs. effect
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○ Do these cause depression or are they a result?
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Biological explanations for depression
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• Problem with neurotransmitters-serotonin and norepinephrine
○ To much of one or both ○ To little of one or both ○ Receptor sites |
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Genetic explanations for depression
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• People may inherit a predisposition to develop depression; link stronger for bipolar disorder
○ If you have a first degree relative-higher risk at developing illness yourself |
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Personality Disorders
Borderline |
• Borderline used to refer to people on the border between neurotic and psychotic
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Prevalence of borderline personality disorder
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○ 1 to 2 percent of general population
○ Up to 4 times as common in women than in men |
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Hallmark characteristic of borderline?
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instability, in relationships, mood, and behavior ○ Often engage in reckless behavior-promiscuity, drugs and alcohol, excessive shopping
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identity disturbance in borderling
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§ Not sure if they are straight or gay
Not sure if they have the right friends Suicidal gestures or self-hurting behavior |
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Explanation of borderline
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○ Evidence that points to disturbed relationships
○ Parental neglect and rejection ○ Many people with borderline tend to have childhood history with abuse |
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
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• Previously referred to as multiple personality disorder; very different from schizophrenia
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What do you need in dissociative identity disorder?
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• Need to have at least two separate personalities
○ At least one personality has no contact with another • Average number of personalities= 13 |
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What does each personality have?
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• Each personality has its own behavior patterns, memories, and relationships
○ May see physiological difference between the personalities |
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controversy of dissociative identity disorder
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○ Number of people who do not believe in D.I.D
§ Just faking it to get attention § Often face ridicule • May be established in childhood through self-hypnosis |
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Schizophrenia
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• Prevalence, no gender difference
• Unusual behavior and decrease in functioning before major system being |
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age of onset of schizo
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adolescence or early adulthood
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two misconceptions of schizophrenia
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○ "A split from reality
○ No more dangerous from anyone else |
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Four categories of symptoms
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○ Thought
§ Form of their thought is very disordered ○ Perception § Hallucinations § Have voices inside their head ○ Mood § No change of emotion § Inappropriate affect-emotion does not correspond to context □ Laugh at funeral ○ Behavioral symptoms § Social behavior § Occupational behavior |
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Schizophrenia Explanations
• Genetic studies |
○ Risk is higher if you have someone in family with disorder
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Biological factors of schizo
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§ Excess dopamine hypotheses
§ Loss of brain matter § Brain differences § Exposure to a virus in utera |
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social class and schizo
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○ Low ses-schizophrenia
○ Schizophrenia-low ses ○ Both have received research support |
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family factors and schizo
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○ No evidence to support idea that cold moms produce schizophrenia
○ If you have biological/genetic predisposition to develop schizophrenia § More likely to have it if you are raised in psychologically disturbed environment |
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What is psychotherapy?
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• Process in which a therapist tries to treat psychological problems, using a variety of specialized techniques
• Therapist is a trained and experienced professional |
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• Common goals for all therapists
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○ Increase the understanding of the problem
○ Provide new ways to deal with the problem |
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• Most dominant problems with psychotherapy?
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○ Substance abuse
○ Schizophrenia ○ 25% of people that go to therapist do not receive therapy |
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• Gender/socioeconomic differences in psychotherapy
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○ Women used to be more
○ Men now are seeing therapist-40% are men ○ Clients now come from wide range of therapy ○ Length of treatment § Most people see therapist less that 4 months |
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Psychodynamic therapy
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• Today's emotional disorder is the result of yesterday's emotional trauma
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Psychodynamic therapy goals
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○ Understanding how symptoms are related to inner lying conflict
○ Go back and see what may have happened in the past ○ Make what is unconscious, conscious |
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length of treatment (psychodynamic)
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○ See several times a week for many years
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• Two specific methods: psychodynamic
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free association and interpretation of dreams
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free association
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§ Says what ever comes to mind regardless of whether or not it is important
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interpretation of dreams
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§ Carefully constructed
§ Express unconscious impulses and a concealed meaning |
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manifest content
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§ What you remember from a dream
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latent content
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§ Dreams originate in unconscious mind
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Three important processes of psychodynamic therapy
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transference, counter-transference, insight
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1. Transference
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a. Allowing the client to project attitudes and feelings onto the therapist as if the therapist is an important person in the client's life
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2. Counter-transference
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a. The feelings that the analyst has toward the client
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3. Insight
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a. Refers to the clients awareness of the unconscious conflicts that are causing problems
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Client-centered therapy
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• First major alternative to traditional psychoanalysis
• Developed by Carl Rodgers |
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three components of client-centered therapy
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1. Empathic understanding
2. Unconditional positive regard 3. Genuineness a. Active listening b. Therapist makes sure that client is being understood c. Client needs to have experiences be center of attention |
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
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• Text vs. real world
• CBT believes disorders are caused by inappropriate learning and maladaptive thinking • Therapist's attitude |
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Four specific CBT therapies
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systematic desensitization, token economy, exposure with response prevention, Beck's cognitive therapy
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1. Systematic desensitization
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a. Used to treat anxiety
b. Three steps i. Learning relaxation |
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ii. Creating an anxiety hierarchy in systematic desensitization
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1) Order stimulus from most anxiety producing to most anxiety producing
2) Create hierarchy and then expose them to each portion of hierarchy 3) Maintain deep muscle relaxation |
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2. Token economy
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a. Based on operant conditioning
b. Tokens are conditioned reinforcers c. Get tokens for good actions |
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3. Exposure with response prevention
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a. Used for OCD
b. Also used for treatment of panic c. Exposure also used for panic disorder |
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example of exposure with response prevention
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i. Afraid of touching doorknob
ii. Have them touch doorknob and stop them from washing hands iii. Anxiety would spike but wouldn’t stay at that point |
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4. Beck's cognitive therapy
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a. Remember negative cognitive triad?
i. Self, future, the world |
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Automatic thoughts in Beck's cognitive therapy
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i. Magnification/minimization
1) Overestimating or underestimating the importance of an event ii. Selective abstraction 1) Bridesmaid forget jewelry...wedding was awful because of no jewelry iii. Dichotomous thinking 1) Black and white thinking 2) Smart or stupid 3) Friend or enemy |
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c. Cognitive restructuring in Beck's cognitive therapy
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i. Identify negative thoughts
ii. Challenge thoughts iii. Replace thoughts d. Very effective for depression |
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Group Therapy-benefits
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○ Cost effective
○ Group members discover that other members have the same problems ○ Can develop self-worth by helping other people ○ Can learn how to express feelings an how to be challenged ○ Learn how to take risks ○ One example § Social skills or assertiveness training § Group desensitization ○ Groups may be lead by nonprofessionals |
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Acculturation
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○ The process of changing one's values and customs as a result of contact with another culture
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Acculturative stress
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○ The stress that results from this pressure of adapting to a new culture
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Walter Cannon
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○ Described the fight or flight response as involving both the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system
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What activates "fight or flight"
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• Any immediate threat activates "fight or flight"
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What does our sympathetic nervous system secrete?
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catecholamine (adrenaline and noradrenaline)
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When does our system go back to homestatsis
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• Usually our system goes back to homeostasis after about 20 to 60 min post stressor
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short term advantages of fight or flight
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○ Helps our survival
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What are the disadvantages of fight or flight
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○ If the duration of the threat is longer, fight or flight is longer
○ Harmful to health |
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Gender differences and social support
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• Men are more dependent on spouse/partner
• Women are more likely to add friends to support network • Men more vulnerable to social isolation after death of spouse • Women more vulnerable to detrimental affects of social support |
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Women: Social support
• Providers |
○ More likely the provider or social support which can be stressful
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• Stress contagion effect
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○ Becoming upset about negative lie events that happen to other people they care about
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what are men more upset about?
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• Men are upset more by negative events of immediate family, not friends
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Problem-focused coping
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• Managing or tackling a threatening stressor
• Effective if you have some control over the stressor (i.e not a chronic illness) • Sometimes includes ○ Rational analyzing of the situation ○ Thinking of possible solutions ○ Implementing them |
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Emotion-focused coping
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• When you do not have control over stress (i.e chronic illness, natural disaster)
• You try to relieve and regulate the emotional impact of the stressful situation • Does not change stressor, just changes your emotion |
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Types of emotion-focused coping
• Denial |
○ Refusal to acknowledge that the problem exists
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Type of emotion-focused coping-distancing
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○ Acknowledge the stressor, but try to eliminate the emotional impact
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types of emotion focused coping-distancing
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○ Acknowledge the stressor, but try to eliminate the emotional impact
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types of emotion-focused coping-positive reappraisal
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○ Minimizing the negative emotional aspects of a situation and focusing on your personal growth through the stressor
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Gender differences in responding to stress
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• Behavioral differences between men and women
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After a stressful day-men
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○ Men tend to withdraw from their partners
§ Go to office or space |
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After a stressful day-women
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○ Women-seek out their partner and are more nurturing to children
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Enhancing well-being
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1. Avoid or minimize the use of stimulants
a. Increase physiological effects of stress 2. Exercise regularly a. Reduces the impact of stress 3. Get enough sleep a. Difficult to concentrate 4. Practice relaxation or meditation |
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Generalized anxiety disorder
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• Global, persistent, chronic, and excessive worrying
• Anxiety attached to any object or none at all |
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Dysthymic disorder
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• Chronic, low grade depression
• Usually develops in response to a trauma • For diagnosis, symptoms must persist for two years ○ Opposed to two weeks required for major depression |
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Smoking and psychological disorders
• Study done by Karen Lasser found… |
○ Rate of individuals who have a mental illness and smokes is higher than that of individual with no mental illness
○ People with a mental illness are more likely to be heavy smokers ○ More mental disorder diagnosed leads to higher rates of smoking |
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○ Dilemma...what is the direction of causation?
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§ Mental disorder causing smoking (self-meditation)
§ Smoking causes mental disorder □ Many of the brain structures effected by nicotine are also involved in several mental disorders |
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Eating disorders
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• Serious and maladaptive disturbances in eating behavior
• Two main types ○ Anorexia ○ Bulimia |
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Anorexia nervosa
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life-threatening weight loss ○ Four key features
§ Person refuses to maintain normal body weight § Intensely afraid of gaining weight § Distorted perception about size of own body § Denies the seriousness of the weight loss |
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• Bulimia nervosa: binging and purging
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○ Fear of weight gain and dissatisfaction with body
○ Will stay in normal weight range ○ Binging-shame/guilt-purging |
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causes of eating disorders
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○ Chemical imbalances in the brain
○ Family interactions ○ Western ideals |
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Paranoid personality disorder
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• Pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others
• Think that others are out to harm them • Distrustful of people that are close to them |
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Antisocial personality disorder
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• Pattern of disregarding and violating the rights of other...and showing no remorse
• Generally become evident during childhood • Difficult to treat ○ Not showing up for therapy ○ Really good at lying ○ Convince therapist that they are getting better |
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Explaining schizophrenia: Paternal age
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• Possible explanation: genetic mutations carried in the sperm of the biological father
• As men age their sperm cells continue to reproduce and divide More divisions...more change for mutations |
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Who commits suicide?
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○ Women outnumber men 3 to 1 in attempts
○ Men outnumber women 4 to 1 in deaths ○ Highest among those 75 and above |
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• Risk factors
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○ Feelings of hopelessness
○ Recent relationship problems ○ Major psychological disorder ○ Poor impulse control |
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• Why suicide?
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○ See suicide as the only escape from their pain
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• How can you help stop suicide?
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○ Actively listen
○ Don't deny the suicidal intentions ○ Identify other solutions ○ Ask the person to delay the decision ○ Encourage the person to seek professional help |
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• Short-term dynamic therapies
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○ Based on psychoanalytic theory but differs in that it is time limited, has a very specific goal or desired outcome, and involves an active therapist not a neutral role therapies
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What is short-term dynamic therapies characterized by?
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§ Short treatment time
§ Patient problem assessed right at the beginning of therapy § Agree between patient and therapist on specific, concrete, obtainable goals |
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Interpersonal therapy
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can be brief or long term highly structured psychodynamic psychotherapy that focused on current relationships and is based on the assumption that symptoms are caused and maintained by interpersonal problems § Drama with relationships
§ Also used with eat disorder, substance abuse § Page 611 and 612 |
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Albert Ellis and rational-emotive therapy
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• Albert Ellis developed ration emotive therapy. A type of cognitive therapy that focuses on changing the clients irrational beliefs
• People are disturbed by view of things • Developed ABC model |
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• ABC model
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○ Activating event
○ Person's beliefs about event causes ○ Consequences about the event § Promotion example § Will start to have irrational beliefs because they are dumb and not good enough |
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Eye movement desensitization reprocessing
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• Developed by Francine Shapiro. Client holds a vivid mental image of a troublesome event with rapidly moving his/her eyes back and forth in response to the therapist waving finger or other forms of bilateral stimulation
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Does eye movement desensitization work?
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○ No more effective than standard treatments
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Does eye movement desensitization work compared to no therapy?
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○ More therapeutic benefits
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Culture values and psychotherapy-western culture
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• Western culture we try to get the patient to be become more assertive, more self-sufficient, and less dependent on other because our culture is individualist and focuses on the uniqueness of the individual
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In collective culture?
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In more collective culture, however, the needs of the group outweigh the needs of the individual.
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• Naikan therapy
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○ Being self absorbed is a ticket straight to psychological suffering
○ Goal is to replace the focus on the self with a sense of gratitude and obligation towards others ○ Instead of thinking how your needs were not met, think about how you didn't meet someone else's needs |
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Electro convulsive therapy
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• Used primarily in the treatment of depression that involves electrically inducing a brief brain seizure
Relatively simple and quick. Administered via electrodes that re placed on the patient temple |
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Does electro convulsive therapy work?
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○ Yes very effective in short term
○ Not in long term-tends to wear off ○ Most patients relapse |
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What are the side effects of electro convulsive therapy?
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○ A very common side effect is temporary or permanent memory loss for the event leading up to the ECT session
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• Family therapy assumptions:
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○ It is logical and economic to treat family member together
○ The problems of the "identified patient" are only symptoms ○ Goal is to modify the relationships within the family system |
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• Behavioral marital therapy-exchange theory
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People really value others when they receive a high number of awards and a low number of punishments
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Biological Treatments
• Use of medications |
○ Can be effective but every drug has side effects
○ Have to weigh pros and cons |
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○ Antianxiety drugs; xanax, valium
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§ Act very quickly
§ Don't last very long § Side effects-drowsiness, memory problems, dependence, addiction |
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○ Antidepressant drugs; Prozac, effexor
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§ About 70 percent of people improve and have relief from symptoms
§ Difference between two drugs-antidepressant drugs take a long time § Different classes □ SRRI's □ Table 15.9 § For Bipolar disorder □ Lithium is the most effective |
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Antipsychotic drugs; thorazine, haldol
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§ Helps about 2/3s of patients
§ Symptoms of schizo generally not reduced § Serious side effects □ Constipation □ Muscle stiffness □ Motor tremors □ Drowsiness |
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Problems with tardive dyskinesia and antipsychotic drugs
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□ Involuntary, repetitive, purposeless movements
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Is treatment effective?
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• Difficult to assess
• Many different treatments available • Different patients and therapists also ○ Skills ○ Experience ○ Orientation ○ Etc. |
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Most effective treatment?
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○ Behavioral, cognitive, and biological therapies
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Somewhat effective treatments
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○ Psychodynamic and client-centered
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What are the basic ingredients of therapy
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• Individual attention
• Credible rationale for the problem ○ Therapist can provide education • Clinician variables ○ Responsive ○ Empathy ○ Genuine • Client Variables ○ Need high motivation to change ○ Emotional or social maturity ○ Ability to express thoughts or feelings ○ Optimism • Therapeutic alliance ○ Need to have a strong relationship with the therapist |
