Psych Exam 3 - Chapter 9

Front 1

developmental psychology

Back 1

the branch of psychology that studies how people change over the lifespan

Front 2

zygote

Back 2

the single cell formed at conception from the union of the egg cell and sperm cell

Front 3

chromosome

Back 3

a long, threadlike structure composed of twisted parallel strands of DNA; found in the nucleus

Front 4

deoxyribonucleic acid

Back 4

the double-stranded molecule that encodes genetic instructions; the chemical basis of heredity

Front 5

gene

Back 5

a unit of DNA on a chromosome that ecodes instructions for making a particular protein molecule; the basic unit of heredity

Front 6

genotye

Back 6

the genetic makeup of an individual organism

Front 7

human genome

Back 7

the scientific description of the complete set of DNA in the human organism, including gene locations

Front 8

allele

Back 8

one of the different forms of a particular gene

Front 9

phenotype

Back 9

the observable traits of characteristics of an organism as determined by the interaction of genetics and environmental factors

Front 10

sex chromosomes

Back 10

chromosomes, designated as X or Y that determine biological sex; the 23rd pair of chromosomes is humans

Front 11

prenatal stage

Back 11

the stage of development before birth; divided into germinal, embryonic and fetal periods

Front 12

germinal period

Back 12

the first two weeks of prenatal development

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embryonic period

Back 13

the second period of prenatal development, extending from the third week through the eighth week

Front 14

teratogens

Back 14

harmful agents or substances that can cause malformations of defects of in an embryo or fetus

Front 15

fetal period

Back 15

the third and longest period o prenatal development, extending from the ninth week until birth

Front 16

temperament

Back 16

inborn disposition to consistently behave and react in a certain way

Front 17

attachment

Back 17

the emotional bond that forms between an infant and caregivers, especially his or her parents

Front 18

comprehension vocabulary

Back 18

the words that are understood by an infant or child

Front 19

production vocabulary

Back 19

the words that an infant or child understands and can speak

Front 20

sensorimotor stage

Back 20

Piaget's theory, the first stage of cognitive development, from birth to about age 2; the period during which the infant explores the enviornment and acquires knowledge through sensing and manipulating objects

Front 21

object permanence

Back 21

the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it can no long be seen

Front 22

pre operational stage

Back 22

Piaget's theory, the second stage of cognitive development (age 2-7); characterized by increasing use of symbols and pre logical thought process

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symbolic thought

Back 23

the ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent the world

Front 24

egocentrism

Back 24

Piaget's theory, the inability to take another person's perspective or point of view

Front 25

irreversibility

Back 25

Piaget's theory, the inability to mentally reverse a sequence of events or logical operations

Front 26

centration

Back 26

Piaget's theory, the tendency to focus or center on only one aspect of a situation and ignore other important aspects of the situation

Front 27

conservation

Back 27

Piaget's theory, the understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even though the form or appearance is rearranged, as long as nothing is added or subtracted

Front 28

concrete operational stage

Back 28

Piaget's theory, the third stage of cognitive development, (7-adolescence); characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete objects and situations

Front 29

formal operational stage

Back 29

Piaget's theory, the fourth stage of cognitive development (adolescence to adulthood);characterized by the ability to think logically about abstract principles and hypothetical situations

Front 30

zone of proximal development

Back 30

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, the difference between what children can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with the help of others who are more competent

Front 31

information-processing model of cognitive development

Back 31

the model that views cognitive development as a process that is continuous over the lifespan and that studies the development of basic mental processes such as attention, memory, and problem solving

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adolescence

Back 32

the transitional stage between late childhood and the beginning of adulthood, during which sexual maturity is reached

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puberty

Back 33

the stage of adolescence in which an individual reached sexual maturity and becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction

Front 34

primary sex characteristics

Back 34

sexual organs that are directly involved in reproduction, such as the uterus, ovaries, penis and testicles

Front 35

secondary sex characteristics

Back 35

sexual characteristics that develop during puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction but differentiate between the sexes, such as male facial hair and female breast development

Front 36

adolescent growth spurt

Back 36

the period of accelerated growth during puberty, involving rapid increase in height and weight

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menarche

Back 37

a female's first menstrual period, which occurs during puberty

Front 38

identity

Back 38

a person's definition of description of him or her self, including the values, beliefs and ideals that guide the individual's behavior

Front 39

menopause

Back 39

the natural cessation of menstruation and the end of reproductive capacity in women

Front 40

activity theory of aging

Back 40

the psychosocial theory that the life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when people maintain the level f activity they displayed earlier in life

Front 41

authoritarian parenting style style

Back 41

parenting style in which parents are demanding and unresponsive toward their children's needs or wishes

Front 42

permissive parenting style

Back 42

parenting style in which parents are extremely tolerant and not demanding; permissive-indulgent parents are more responsive to their children, whereas permissive-indifferent parents are not

Front 43

authoritative parenting style

Back 43

parenting style in which parents set clear standards for their children's behavior but are also responsive to their children's needs and wishes

Front 44

induction

Back 44

a discipline technique that combines parental control with explaining why a behavior is prohibited