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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Language |
Language consists of a system of symbols and rules for combining these symbols in ways that can generate an infinite number of possible messages and meanings |
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Psycholinguistics |
Scientific study of the psychological aspects of language, such as how people understand, produce, and acquire language |
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Grammar |
Languages set of rules that dictate how symbols can be combined |
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Mental representations |
Include images, ideas, concepts, and principles |
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Displacement |
Refers to the fact that language allows us to communicate about events and objects that are not physically present |
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Syntax |
The rules that govern the order of words |
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Generativity |
Means that the symbols of language can be combined to generate and infinite number of messages that have novel meaning |
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Semantics |
Meanings of words and sentences |
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Speech segmentation |
Perceiving where each word within a spoken sentence begins and ends |
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Deep structure |
Refers to underlying meaning of the combined symbols |
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Surface structure |
Consists of the symbols that are used and their order |
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Morphemes |
The smallest units of meaning in a language |
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Phoneme |
The smallest unit of speech sound in a language that can signal a difference in meaning |
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Bottom-up processing |
Individual elements of a stimulus are analyzed and then combined to form a unified perception |
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Discourse |
In which sentences are combined into paragraphs, articles, books etc |
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Top-down processing |
Sensory information is interpreted in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations |
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Pragmatics |
A knowledge of the practical aspects of using language |
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Aphasia |
An impairment in speech comprehension and/or production that can be permanent or temporary |
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Language acquisition device |
Noam Chomsky - an innate biological mechanism that contains the general grammatical rules (universal grammar) common to all languages |
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Language acquisition support system (LASS ) |
Jerome Bruner - represents factors in the social environment that facilitate the learning of a language |
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Linguistic relativity hypothesis |
Benjamin Lee Whorf - language not only influences but also determines what we are capable of thinking |
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Propositional thought |
Expresses a proposition or statement |
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Imaginal thought |
Consists of images that we can hear, see, or feel in our mind |
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Motoric thought |
Relates to mental representations of motor movements |
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Propositions |
Statements that express ideas; consists of concepts combined in a particular way |
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Concepts |
Basic units of semantic memory - mental categories into which we place objects, activities, abstractions, and events that have essential features in common |
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Prototypes |
The most typical and familiar members of a category or class |
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Deductive reasoning |
Reason from Top-down; conclusion cannot be false if the premises are true |
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Inductive reasoning |
Reason from Bottom-up;lead to likelihood rather than certainty |
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Belief bias |
Tendency to abandon logical rules in favour of our own personal beliefs |
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Framing |
Refers to the idea that the same information, problem, or options can be structured and presented in different ways |
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Mental set |
The tendency to stick to solutions that have worked in the past - can result in less effective problem solving |
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Problem-solving schemas |
Mental blueprints for selecting information and solving specialized classes of problems |
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Algorithms |
Formulas or procedures that automatically generate correct solutions |
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Heuristics |
General Problem-solving strategies that we apply to certain classes of situations (e.g. Means-ends analysis) |
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Means-ends analysis |
Identify differences between the present situation and the desired state, or goal, and then make changes that will reduce these differences |
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Subgoal analysis |
Formulating subgoals, or intermediate steps toward a solution |
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Representativeness heuristic |
To infer how closely something or someone fits our prototype for a particular concept, or class, and therefore how likely it is to be a member of that class |
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Availability heuristic |
Causes us to base judgements and decisions on the availability of information in memory |
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Confirmation bias |
Tending to look for evidence that will confirm what they currently believe rather than looking for evidence that could disconfirm their beliefs |
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Overconfidence |
Tendency to overestimate one's correctness in factual knowledge, beliefs, and decisions |
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Schema |
Mental framework, an organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world |
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Script |
Mental framework concerning a sequence of events that usually unfolds in a regular, almost standardized order |
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Wisdom |
Represents a system of knowledge about the meaning and conduct of life |
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Mental image |
A representation of a stimulus that originates inside your brain rather than from external sensory input |
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Metacognition |
Refers to your awareness and understanding of your own cognitive abilities |
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Cretivity |
Ability to produce something that is both new and valuable |
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Divergent thinking |
The generation of novel ideas that depart from the norm |
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Functional fixedness |
Tendency to be so fixed in their perception of the proper function of an object or a procedure that they are blinded to new ways of using it |
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Incubation |
Solutions seemingly appear out of the blue, after we temporarily gave up on the problem |
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Intelligence |
Ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively, and to deal adaptively with the environment |
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Mental age |
The age level of a childs mental performance |
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IQ |
William Stern - a relative score for intellectual attainment for people of different chronological ages |
