Psych Exam 3

Front 1

glucose

Back 1

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. when its level is low, we feel hunger.

Front 2

hypothalamus

Back 2

part of the brain that triggers hunger

Front 3

ghrelin

Back 3

hunger producing chemicals

Front 4

leptin

Back 4

hunger dampening chemicals

Front 5

PYY

Back 5

a digestive hormone that surpresses appetite

Front 6

set point

Back 6

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

Front 7

basal metabolic rate

Back 7

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

Front 8

cultural influences of hunger

Back 8

taste preferences, aversion to some foods, body chemistry/environmental factors. culture affects taste - learned tastes in certain areas of the world - learned restraint in cultures idealizing thinness

Front 9

biological incluences of hunger

Back 9

mid-hypothalamic centers in the brain monitoring appetite. appetite hormones, stomach pangs, set/settling point in weight, universal attraction to sweet and salty. adaptive wariness toward novel foods

Front 10

anorexia

Back 10

an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets andbecomes significantly, still feeling fat, continues to starve

Front 11

bulimia

Back 11

an eating disorder charceterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomitting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive excercise.

Front 12

psychological influences on hunger

Back 12

sight and smell of food. variety of foods available. memory of time elapsed since last meal. mood

Front 13

stress

Back 13

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Front 14

walter cannon's view on stress

Back 14

fight or flight

Front 15

general adaptation syndrome

Back 15

alarm, resistance, exhaustion = Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress

Front 16

coronary heart disease

Back 16

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

Front 17

stress and the heart

Back 17

stress increases risk for heart troubles and heart disease

Front 18

Type A

Back 18

competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger-prone people

Front 19

Type B

Back 19

easygoing, relaxed people

Front 20

psychophysiological illness

Back 20

literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

Front 21

lymphocyctes

Back 21

2 types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system

Front 22

behavioral medicine

Back 22

an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

Front 23

health psychology

Back 23

the application of psychological concepts and research to illness prevention and treatment and to health advancement

Front 24

conciousness

Back 24

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Front 25

biological rhythms

Back 25

periodic physiological fluctuations

Front 26

circadian rhythm

Back 26

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle

Front 27

REM sleep

Back 27

rapid eye movement sleep a recurring sleep stage durin which vivid dreams commonly occur. aka paradoxical sleep b/c the muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active

Front 28

alpha waves

Back 28

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

Front 29

sleep

Back 29

periodic, natural, reversible loss of conciousness - as distinct from unconciousness resulting from a coma, general anasthesia, or hibernation
4 stages of sleep

Front 30

hallucinations

Back 30

false sensory experiences that occur w/out a sensory stimulus occurs during stage 1

Front 31

stage 3 of sleep

Back 31

transitional stage

Front 32

stage 4 of sleep

Back 32

deep sleep - brain emits delta waves. large slow brain waves. lasts for about 30 minutes, hard to awaken in this stage

Front 33

how long is a sleep cycle

Back 33

90 minutes

Front 34

why do we sleep?

Back 34

protection. restore and repair brain tissue. helps w/ remembering. plays a role in the growth process.

Front 35

insomnia

Back 35

persistent problems in falling or staying asleep

Front 36

narcolepsy

Back 36

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

Front 37

sleep apnea

Back 37

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessastions of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

Front 38

night terrors

Back 38

sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified ; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, w/in two or three hours of falling alseep and are seldom remembered

Front 39

dreams

Back 39

sequence of images, emotion, and thoughts passing thru a sleeping person's mind.

Front 40

manifest content

Back 40

remembered story line of a dream

Front 41

latent content

Back 41

underlying meaning of a dream

Front 42

why do we dream?

Back 42

satisfy wishes, file away memories, develop and preserve neural pathways, make sense of neural static, reflect cognitive development

Front 43

REM rebound

Back 43

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

Front 44

generalized anxiety disorder

Back 44

a person is continually tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Front 45

panic disorder

Back 45

marked by unpredictable minutes long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

Front 46

phobias

Back 46

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.

Front 47

agoraphobia

Back 47

fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes

Front 48

OCD

Back 48

anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Front 49

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Back 49

haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, or/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

Front 50

survivor resiliency

Back 50

half of adults experience at least one traumatic event in their lifetime but only 1 in 10 women, and 1 in 20 men develop PTSD

Front 51

major depressive disorder

Back 51

mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

Front 52

disthymic disorder

Back 52

a "down" feeling that fills most of the day, every day, for two or more years

Front 53

bipolar disorder

Back 53

mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited stat of mania

Front 54

mania

Back 54

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

Front 55

positive symptoms (schizophrenia)

Back 55

symptoms that are not normally present
-hallucination
-disorganized thinking
-delusions

Front 56

negative symptoms (schizophrenia)

Back 56

absence of appropriate behaviors
-apathy
-expressionless faces
-rigid bodies
-speechless
-catatonia

Front 57

delusions

Back 57

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Front 58

catatonia

Back 58

extreme loss of motor skills

Front 59

paranoid schizophrenic

Back 59

preoccupations with delusions or hallucinations, often w/ themes of persecution or grandiosity

Front 60

disorganized schizophrenic

Back 60

disorganized speech or behaviors, or flat or inappropriate emotion

Front 61

catatonic schizophrenic

Back 61

immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement) extreme negativisim, and/or parrotlike repeating of another's speech or movements

Front 62

undifferentiated schizophrenic

Back 62

many and varied symptoms

Front 63

residual schizophrenic

Back 63

withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeard.

Front 64

psychotherapy

Back 64

an emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties

Front 65

eclectic approach

Back 65

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Front 66

psychoanalysis

Back 66

therapeutic technique . freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapists interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

Front 67

resistance

Back 67

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

Front 68

interpretation

Back 68

in psychoanalysis, the anaylsts noting supposed dream meanings resistances and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

Front 69

transference

Back 69

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked w/ other relationships. such as love or hatred for a parent

Front 70

client centered therapy

Back 70

a humanistic therapy in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitates clients' growth

Front 71

behavior therapy

Back 71

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

Front 72

counterconditioning

Back 72

a behavior therapy precedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning

Front 73

exposure therapies

Back 73

exposure to what someone would normally avoid

Front 74

aversive conditioning

Back 74

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nasuea) w/ an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

Front 75

systematic desensitization

Back 75

a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed stat w/ gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. commonly used to treat phobias

Front 76

cognitive therapy

Back 76

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and ating; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Front 77

cognitive behavior therapy

Back 77

a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self defeating thinking) w/ behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Front 78

meta anaylsis

Back 78

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

Front 79

commonalities among psychotherapies

Back 79

hope for demoralized people, a new persepective, and an empathic, trusting, caring relationship

Front 80

biomedical therapy

Back 80

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patients nervous system

Front 81

psychopharmacology

Back 81

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

Front 82

tardive dyskinesia

Back 82

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs, a possible nerotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target D2 dopamine receptors

Front 83

electroconvulsive therapy

Back 83

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient