Psych Exam 3

Front 1

Classical Conditioning

Back 1

neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus which begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares

Front 2

unconditioned stimulus(UCS)

Back 2

stimulus that automatically triggers a response

Front 3

unconditioned response(UCR)

Back 3

unlearned, natural response to stimuls

Front 4

conditioned stimulus(CS)

Back 4

stimuls that comes to trigger response after association with uncond. stimulus

Front 5

conditioned response(CR)

Back 5

learned response to previously neutral cond. stimulus

Front 6

acquistion

Back 6

phase associating neutral stimulus with uncond. stimuls so neutral stimulus comes to cond. response

Front 7

extinction

Back 7

when UCS does not follow a CS, diminishing of CR

Front 8

spontaneous recovery

Back 8

reappearance after test period of an ext. CR

Front 9

generalization

Back 9

tendency to respond to stimuli similar to CS

Front 10

discrimination

Back 10

learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS

Front 11

biological predisposition

Back 11

"The Garcia Effect"- each species has biological predispostions to learn associations that enhance its survival

Front 12

Operant Conditioning

Back 12

types of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

Front 13

Law of Effect

Back 13

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences are less likely

Front 14

shaping

Back 14

operant cond. procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through successive approximations

Front 15

primary reinforcer

Back 15

innately reinforcing stimulus

Front 16

conditioned reinforcer

Back 16

learned reinforcer that gains power through its association with primary reinforcing

Front 17

continued reinforcement

Back 17

reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs

Front 18

partial reinforcement

Back 18

reinforcing response only part of time, greater resistance to extinction

Front 19

fixed ratio(FR)

Back 19

reinforces response only after a specified number of responses

Front 20

variable ratio(VR)

Back 20

reinforces response only after an unpredictable number of responses

Front 21

fixed interval(FI)

Back 21

reinforces response only after specified time has elapsed

Front 22

variable interval(VI)

Back 22

reinforces a resonse at unpredictable time intervals, slow and steady

Front 23

discriminant stimulus

Back 23

an operant conditioning stimulus which signals that a response will be reinfored

Front 24

punishment

Back 24

aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Front 25

cognitive map

Back 25

mental representation of layout of one's environment

Front 26

latent learning

Back 26

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Front 27

intrinsic motivation

Back 27

desire to perform behavior for its own sake

Front 28

extrinsic motivation

Back 28

desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threat of punishment

Front 29

observational learning

Back 29

higher animals learn through observing and imitating others

Front 30

modeling

Back 30

process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Front 31

memory

Back 31

peristence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of info

Front 32

spacing effect

Back 32

retain info when rehearsed over time

Front 33

serial position

Back 33

your recall is better for first and last items, not middle

Front 34

encoding

Back 34

processing meaning of verbal info by associating it ith hat we already know or imagine

Front 35

chunking

Back 35

organizing items into familiar, mangageable unit

Front 36

hierarchy

Back 36

complex info broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and sub-categories

Front 37

sensory memory

Back 37

immediate, initial recording of sensory info in the memory system

Front 38

working memory

Back 38

short term, limited capacity and short duration

Front 39

long term memory

Back 39

unlimited capacity sotre

Front 40

flashbulb memory

Back 40

clear memory of emotionally significant events or moments

Front 41

explicit memory

Back 41

refers to facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

Front 42

implicit memory

Back 42

learning an action while individual does not know or declare what they kno

Front 43

hippocampus

Back 43

neural center in limbic system that processes explicit memory

Front 44

cerebellum

Back 44

neural center in hindbrain that processes implicit memory

Front 45

recognition

Back 45

identifying item among other items

Front 46

recall

Back 46

person must retrieve info using effort

Front 47

relearning

Back 47

individual shos how much time or effort is saved when learning material for second time

Front 48

forgetting

Back 48

an inability to retrieve info due to poor encoding, storage, and retrieval

Front 49

proactive interference

Back 49

disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new info

Front 50

retroactive interference

Back 50

disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of old info

Front 51

motivated forgetting

Back 51

people unknowingly revise memories

Front 52

repression

Back 52

defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

Front 53

misinformation effect

Back 53

incorporating misleading info into one's memory of event

Front 54

source amnesia

Back 54

attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

Front 55

constructed memories

Back 55

false memories that have been implantsed in individuals, constructing the memories

Front 56

cognition

Back 56

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Front 57

cognitive pyschology

Back 57

study of concept formation, problem solving, decision making, and judgement formation

Front 58

confirmation bias

Back 58

tendency to search for info that confirms one's preconceptions

Front 59

fixation

Back 59

inability to see a problem from a new perspective

Front 60

representative heuristic

Back 60

judging likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes

Front 61

overconfidence

Back 61

tendency to be more confident thatn correct, overestimate accuracy of one's judgements

Front 62

framing

Back 62

way an issue is posed; can affect decisions and judgements

Front 63

belief perserverance

Back 63

clinging to one's initial conceptions after basis on which were formed has been discredited

Front 64

intelligence

Back 64

ability to learn from experience, solve problmes, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Front 65

factor analysis

Back 65

statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on test

Front 66

general intelligence

Back 66

factors that underline specific mental abilities

Front 67

standardization

Back 67

defining meaningful scores by comparison with performance of pretested "standardized group"

Front 68

reliability

Back 68

extent to which test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Front 69

criterion

Back 69

behavior that a test is designed to predict, defines predictive validity