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63 Cards in this Set
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Social learning approach (Moral Development)
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focus on environment- how the environment produces moral behavior
best predictor of moral conduct in children is whether they have received positive reinforcement for acting in a morally appropriate way importance of modeling •observing the behavior of others, models who are reinforced are more likely to be imitated •by watching moral models, they are reminded of the importance of behaving in an appropriate way |
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Empathy (Moral Development)
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empathy is the understanding of what another individual feels
begins pretty early •one year old infants will cry when they hear other infants crying •2-3 year olds will spontaneously share gifts/toys with other children •Continues throughout the preschool years, if someone is unhappy maybe you have the power to change that •Research has supported both empathy and social learning approaches |
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Piaget's Theory of Moral Development: Name the 2 stages
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Heteronomous morality stage, also known as moral realism
Autonomous morality stage/moral relativism |
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Heteronomous morality stage
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•Last from about ages 4-10
•Rules are unchangeable oStrict obedience is required •Intention unimportant oIn this stage they judge the child who broke 15 cups as worse, because intent isn’t taken into account •Imminent justice oRules that are broken deserve immediate punishment oThey believe this, even if no one sees them |
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Autonomous morality stage/moral relativism
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•Begins around age 10
•Children now start to realize that peole can have different perspectives on morality •Intention becomes important oThey think that the kid who broke one cup is now worse •Punishment is determined and administered by people oIf no one sees you, then you won’t get punished •Rules are no longer fixed oThey can be changed |
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What are the flaws of Piaget's approach to moral development?
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•Preschoolers understand the notion of intent by about age 3
•However, he does accurately describe the general direction of moral development |
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What is Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
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Answer vs. response
•It is not the answer that reflects their understanding of right and wrong, it is there reasons of why you should or should not Presented ethical dilemmas to children and adults, created 6 stages Example of dilemma •Hines stealing the drug for his dying wife |
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Describe level 1:Preconventional of Kohlberg's theory.
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•The concrete interests of the individual are considered in terms of rewards and punishments
•The most self-centered level •Stage One oThe punishment and obedience orientation- “might makes right” oChild obeys rules in order to avoid punishment oNo internalization of moral standards •Stage Two oInstrumental and relativist orientation- “look out for number one” oRules are followed only for person’s own benefit oReciprocity is self-serving and manipulative The only reason you are sharing with someone else, is b/c you are hoping that they will share with you in the future |
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Describe Level 2:Conventional of Kohlberg's theory.
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•People approach moral problems as members of society
•They are interested in pleasing others by acting as “good” members of society •Emphasis on social rules, being a member of a community •Stage Three o“good girl and nice boy” orientation oChild is concerned with winning approval of others and avoiding disapproval oThe child wants to be seen as nice oIntention becomes important, consideration is really giving to your intent (I didn’t mean to) •Stage Four oLaw and order orientation oChild conforms to society’s rules and considers “right” what society defines as right oThey want to follow the laws of society |
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Describe level 3:postconventional of Kohlberg's theory.
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•People use moral principles which are seen as broader than those of any particular society
•Stage Five oSocial contract orientation oPeople do what is right because of a sense of obligation to laws which are agreed upon within society oUnderstanding that laws can be modified oWe follow the laws, but we can change them as a group •Stage Six oUniversal ethical principles orientation oA person follows laws b/c they are based on universal ethical principles oLaws that violate the principles are disobeyed oIf you follow the law then you are going against your own ethical principles oConduct is controlled by internalized ideals, a higher level of conscience |
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Does everyone achieve stage 6 reasoning in Kohlberg's theory?
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oMost people do not progress to the final stages
oMost adult’s reasoning usually remains at stage 4 in the conventional level |
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Is your level of reasoning associated with your age and level of cognitive development? (Kohlberg)
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It should be strongly associated, older and more advanced people should influence your level of moral reasoning
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Is the sequence of stages correct? (Kohlberg)
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oSupport for the sequence comes from longitudinal research
oFound that virtually no one skips any of the stages oTheory predicts that people should become more advanced in their reasoning or stay the same, you should not regress oOnly a very small percentage regress to a lower stage |
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•Are the stages universal? (Kohlberg)
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oResearch is mixed, when children and adolescents from different cultures, they tend to fall in stages 2 to 3, basically the same
oAdults are different from culture to culture, dif. cultures have dif. aspects of justice and dif. ways of thinking about moral subjects, stages 5 and 6 are more westernized ideas |
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Is there a gender bias that comes along with Kohlberg's theory?
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•Kohlberg’s stages based on male subjects
-Better at describing boy moral development rather than girl moral development |
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What is Carol Gilligan's hypothesis based on the gender bias in Kohlberg's theory?
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oDifferences in the ways boys and girls are raised in society may have an impact on how they view moral issues
Boys- “justice” orientation, morality of justice Girls- “compassion” orientation, morality of care •Responsible toward other people, sacrifice for other people |
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What is the evidence of Carol Gilligan's hypothesis?
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Exams moral behavior in terms of justice, therefore women score lower then men do on moral exams
Gilligan argues that women and men justice view moral issues differently, boys view things from a justice orientation and girls view things from a compassion orientation The way Kohlberg focuses on justice puts women at a disadvantage |
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Describe Level 1 and Transition 1 in Carol Gilligan's theory.
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oLevel One: Orientation of Individual Survival
Women’s thinking is based on practical and personal self-interest The Socialite mom- what’s in it for me, how do I benefit? oTransition I: From Selfishness to responsibility Recognizing that the woman is related to others and responsible to others, she starts thinking about other people who might depend on her |
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Describe Level 2 and Transition 2 in Carol Gilligan's theory.
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oLevel 2: Goodness as Self-Sacrifice
Very concerned about how other people view her, sees goodness as subordination of her needs to other people’s needs The farm mom- didn’t think of her needs at all, thinking about what she could do for her husband and children Put your own needs aside oTransition II: From goodness to truth Women becomes less concerned about what other people think, evaluates her behavior based on the consequences and intention of her actions |
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Describe Level 3 of Carol Gilligan's theory.
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oLevel 3: The Morality of Nonviolence
The women’s moral reasoning is governed by the desire to hurt anyone else or yourself Reasoning is driven by the need to avoid hurt all around Moral equivalence- b/n themselves and other people •Your needs aren’t more important than mine, and mine aren’t more important than yours Most sophisticated level of moral reasoning |
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Describe Freud's genital stage.
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•Begins at puberty
•Stage of mature sexual love oCombination of feelings of lust but also feelings of genuine respect, caring, and affection •Ideals of love and work oAre achieved during this stage oIf you don’t of ideals of love and work then you aren’t emotionally happy •Women resolve the phallic stage conflict oThey accept the absence of a penis and they begin to identify with the vagina, this is when the clitoris isn’t important oYou truly get over penis envy when you have a son |
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Describe Erikson's Identity vs. Role Confusion
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•Puberty
•Identity refers to the confidence that others see us as we see ourselves •Role confusion is when you see yourself one way, and others see you in a different way •Strength = fidelity (the opportunity for an adolescent to be true to oneself and other people, follow your own dreams, don’t be fake, you can also be true to an ideological view •Believed that teenage rebellion is normal and helpful in choosing ideology, not good when you mindlessly become what your parents are without ever questioning it •Fidelity is cornerstone of identity, your whole sense of self depends on fidelity |
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What is the basica info. of Marcia's Four identity statuses?
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•Developed his ideas from Erikson’s concept of identity crisis
•Two important characteristics: 1.exploration- when the adolescent consciously chooses among various alternatives, can either be present or absent 2.commitment- psychological investment in a course of action or ideology, “I CHOOSE to be republican” |
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What are Marcia's four identity statuses?
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achievement, identity foreclosure, identity diffusion, and moratorium
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Achievement (Marcia)
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oBoth commitment and crisis/exploration are present
oActively tried to figure out what the believe oTeens seem to be most psychologically healthy, higher in achievement motivation, score higher in moral reasoning |
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Identity Foreclosure (marcia)
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oExploration is absent and commitment is present
oThese teens accept other people’s decisions about what’s best oSon who enters the family business b/c that is what is expected of him, they don’t go exploring other options oThey commit but don’t explore oSomeone who becomes a republican catholic b/c their parents are republican catholic oNot necessarily unhappy kids, but they do have a higher need of social approval |
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Identity Diffusion (Marcia)
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oWhen both exploration and commitment are absent
oNot searching or committing to anything oReally shift from one thing to the next, don’t stay with anything for long oMay seem very carefree, but their lack of commitment really impairs their ability to form close relationships with others, often socially withdrawn, don’t have many friends |
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Moratorium (Marcia)
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oExploration is present but commitment is absent
oKeep switching major, been through 5 majors and still aren’t quite sure, don’t commit oThey tend to show pretty high anxiety, a lot more psychological conflict, not quite sure who they are, or what they believe oLively and appealing kids, like intimacy with others, they have friends oTypically settle on an identity, but it is just more of a struggle for them |
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Typical status for different areas (Marcia)
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oReligious beliefs = achievement
oVocational choice = achievement and moratorium oSex role preferences (who’s going to make more money, who stays home with kids, who does the cooking) = foreclosure- this is how I grew up, so that’s what I’m gonna do oPolitical beliefs = diffusion |
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Struggle for independence in regards to family relationships
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oThey want later curfews, more freedom
oParents realize that this is a good thing, yet there is the day to day struggle about what kids are and aren’t allowed to do oMany struggles b/n parents and teens |
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Is there a "generational gap" b/n teens and their parents?
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oDifference b/n the way the parents view the world and the way the kids view the world
oResearch has found that the generation gap is actually quite narrow, this is not what is driving the struggle for independence oTeens and parents usually have similar views about social issues, work, and career, see eye to eye on many things oThe generation gap exists with issues about personal taste, clothing, music, how to wear hair |
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What is the impact on developing cognitive abilities on families?
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oTeens are able to reason better, use logic better, so parental arguments that used to work (do it cause I said so) don’t work very well with teenagers
o Teens come to view their parents in less idealized ways, realize that parents have flaws, this leads teens to be more argumentative o Most parents realize that the increasing conflict b/c kids are using reasoning is a positive sign of maturity |
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What are B. Bradford Brown's four roles of peers?
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1.provides information on important matters
onew feelings, new experiences, provide support, self-help group, don’t always provide good information 2.provides support for school changes owhen you move from middle school to high school 3.provides mirror oan individual can check his interest, personality, abilities to his friends, comparing himself to others opeers can help define you by helping you define what you are not, easier to figure out what you are rather than what you are 4.provides sounding board oexploring your values, defining your goals |
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What is the impact of peer pressure on social issues?
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overy susceptible about who to date, what to wear, what to listen to, what movies to go see, susceptibility decreases over time
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What is the impact of peer pressure on non-social issues?
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ochoosing a college, career path, dealing with some type of problem that your friends won’t know what to do, teens turn to parents or other experienced adults, teens turn to those to who they see is an expert
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What is the prevalence of Suicide?
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•Adults overall more likely
•Change in adolescent rate of suicide •Gender difference in attempters vs. completers oWomen are 3 times more likely to attempt to commit suicide oMen are 4-5 times more likely to complete suicide •Racial Difference oHigher for whites than for non-whites oHighest suicide rate is Native Americans out of the minorities oRate among young males African Americans has tripled in the last 30 years •Research o80% of those who commit suicide, give warning signs |
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What are the risk factors of suicide?
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•Parental divorce
oThose that attempted suicide less than ½ lived with both parents •Relationship problem oNot only in teens oElderly might commit suicide if their spouse of 50 years died •Parental death oEspecially younger adolescents •Suicide attempt by a friend, family member, or admired person •Psychiatric history oRelative few adolescents have a clear disorder, it is more the idea that the attempters experience depressed symptoms ob/n 25 and 90% attempters present with psychiatric symptomology oreally monitor a kid with depression •Hopelessness oThe best predictor of suicide attempts in adults, more hopeless you feel, the more likely you are to consider suicide •Academic Problems oIf you look at 18-22 years olds in college and those not in college, the ones in college have a higher rate of suicide and suicide attempts oOf the high school attempters 77% had poor grades, or some other academic problem •Child Abuse oMay be physical or sexual abuse |
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What are the warning signs of suicide?
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•Depression
oYou need to monitor people who are showing signs of sadness caused by a loss •Retreating from others in usual activities oNot engaging in activities that would usually make you happy •Giving away possessions Suddenly doing poorly in school •Saying or writing of escape thoughts o“I wish I were a bird and I could fly away from my problems” •Actual threats to commit suicide oParents sometimes chalk it up to attention seeking behavior •Sudden happiness after depression oIf someone has been really down for quite a while, but then one day they seem better and they are happy and smiling and they want to get out and do normal things, but the problem is that sometimes when they are all of sudden happy they have made the decision to kill themselves, there is an end in sight, and they think that they might as well enjoy their last few days •Deterioration in personal appearance •Alcohol use ob/n 15 and 30% of those who commit suicide have issues with alcohol abuse |
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Anorexia
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oRefusal to maintain body weight above a minimally normal weight for age and height
oIntense fear of gaining weight, even though underweight oDisturbed body perception, undue influence of weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low weight oIn postmenarcheal females, amenorrhea |
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Background of Anorexia
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ob/n 14 and 19
oaffects .5 and 1% of teenage girls o95% female oMore prevalent in upper socioeconomic classes oMorbidity rates •2 and 10% individuals with anorexia end up dying, either by suicide or complications brought about by disorder oMedical complications •Low blood pressure •Reduced bone density •Metabolic/electrolyte imbalances •Effects of nutritional deficiencies |
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Bulimia
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oRecurrent episodes of binge eating
oRecurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain oSymptoms continuing, on average, at least twice a week for three months oUndue influence of weight or shape on self-evaluation |
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Background of Bulimia
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o16-21
oPrevalence •b/n 1 and 3% teenage and young adult women omedical complications •dental problems •potassium deficiencies may lead to intestinal disorders, kidney disease, or heart damage |
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Biologic/genetic explanations of eating disorders
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•these diseases tend to run in the family
•genetic loads the gun and environment pulls the trigger •6 times more likely to have eating disorder if a family member had it •Monozygotic twins have higher concordance rate that dizygotic twins |
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Personality Traits of Anorexics
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oPerfectionism
oPersistent oTendency towards rigid, methodical problem solving oTendency towards emotional restraint oPreference for the familiar or routine oObsessive worrying oPoor adaptability to change oHypersensitivity to signs of rejection or disapproval oDependency, let other people make all the decisions oMany of the traits are genetically based oSome researchers argue that some of these genetically based traits create a predisposed risk for an eating disorder |
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Diathesis/Stress Model
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oDiathesis- certain inherited traits
oStress- puberty, triggers the onset of an eating disorder |
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History of societal impact on the emphasis of thinness
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oBigger bodies were better
oIf you were fat, this meant you were rich enough to afford to enough to make yourself fat o1920s- flapper, a woman who was more independent and thinner and to wear short dresses, thinness became a sign of status o1950s- Marilyn Monroe brought back the bigger body, size 12 or 13 oSince then there has been a shift back to the thinner frame |
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Three main points on the emphasis of thinness.
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oLean look has accelerated since the 1950s
•If you look at playboy centerfolds, miss America contestants, they are certainly thinner than the rest of the population •Avg. Miss America was 16% below the wgt. For their height •Number if people dieting has increased •61% of middle school adults are dieting oThinness as an ideal has focused almost exclusively on women •Women are valued more for their appearance and men are valued more for their achievements •Women are more likely to rate their appearance as larger than what they want to be oIdeal body is attainable through willpower and effort |
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Treatment for eating disorders
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oGroup therapy
oFamily therapy Especially with anorexia o<25% fully recover after one year oCognitive-behavior therapy promising Especially with bulimia, trying to change attitudes about food oUse of antidepressants Helps with bulimia but not with anorexia |
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What are the long term treatment results for Anorexics?
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•About 75% of patients continue to show improvements after several years of recovery, problem is only about 45% of those 75% are fully recovered and 30% are only somewhat better
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What are the rates of relapse and other problems?
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oRelapse
Tense to recur in at least 15% of patients, probably underestimate, starts with another stressor oOngoing problems About half continue to display some emotional problems, whether that is depression, anxiety About half with anorexia continue to show some type of family problems |
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What is the improvement rate for bulimia?
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oAbout half don’t improve much at all
oThe other half that did approve, only 1/3 maintained the improvement |
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Describe the concept of adulthood.
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•When do you become an adult?
•Importance of roles transition, which involves assuming new responsibilities and duties •Social clock: culturally-set timetable that is established when these events are appropriate oYou may have achieved some of the roles of an adult, but not all oYou may be in school, but you may be a single adult •Adult markers in non-Western cultures oOnce your married, you are a grown-up oHave a set criteria of what boys need to be to be thought of as men Provide, protect, impregnate |
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Describe the 4 aspects of piaget's post formal thoughts.
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1.Truth may vary from situation to situation
oDepends on situation, things are not black and white 2.Solutions must be realistic in order to be reasonable oThis is when adolescents finally grow out of their idealistic stage 3.Ambiguity and contradiction are the rule, rather than the exception 4.Emotion and subjective factors play a role in thinking o2 individuals presented with the same facts may come to 2 completely different conclusions, people have different degrees of compassion |
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Dialectical thought
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oSome theorists consider this to be the most advanced form of cognition
oInvolves considering two opposite sides of an argument simultaneously, then integrating them into new idea Creating union b/n beliefs and your experiences in the new world |
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What are Schaie's 2 stages of adulthood?
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•Acquisitive Stage
oEncompasses all of childhood and adolescents oSummarizing Piaget’s stages, and saying that they acquiring information, learning facts about social and physical world oAbstract reasoning, concrete thinking stages from Piaget •Achieving Stage oYoung adults have to confront and resolve major issues Who they are going to marry, their career, where they want to live |
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Who goes to college?
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oPrimarily white and middle class
o40% of white high school graduates o29% African American o31% Hispanic oProportion of minority population that enters college has decreased, less financial aid available oWomen now outnumber men in college 55% of undergraduates are female |
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What do college students learn?
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oSpecific knowledge about major
oDualistic vs. multiple thinking Come into college with dualistic (black and white thinking) As they progress during college, dualistic thinking declines and is replaced by multiple thinking |
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Who completes college?
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o40% who start receive degree four years later
oHalf eventually finish, other half don’t oDropout rate higher for minorities 70% of African Americans droupout |
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Reasons for dropping out?
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Finances
Change in life situation •A girl goes to college, gets pregnant, and drops out Academic reasons Get too involved in the partying, skipping out of classes, not because they couldn’t do it, but because they didn’t do it |
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Erikson's Intimacy vs. Isolation
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•Intimacy is the capacity to commit to a relationship without losing one’s own identity
•Strength= love |
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Selecting a Marriage Partner
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•60% of men and 46% of women have not married by age 30
•Impact of homogamy- tendency to marry someone who is similar to you •Social homogamy- similar in leisure tendencies and role preferences •Marriage gradient- men marry women who are younger, smaller, and lower in status, and vice versa •Impact of gradient oWomen in general, tends to limit the number of potential partners, as you age, the pool shrinks o“Bottom of the barrel” men- men of such low status that they can’t find a woman of lower status oSome women are unable to marry, b/c they are of higher status then all the men around them- “Cream of the crop” women oWell-educated African-American women Fewer African-American men attend college More likely to marry men who are less educated or they marry outside of their race |
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Background information of gottman's marriage research
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•Background info.
oHas been studying married couples for a very long time, measures heart rate, BP, studies facial expressions, interviews, questionnaires •Successful marriages find a healthy balance b/n positive and negative emotional interactions; ratio needs to be 5:1 |
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Three Types of Marriage
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1.Validating
oVery compatible, agree on religion, how to discipline children, want they don’t agree on, they compromise, when they disagree they resolve conflict in a fair and compromising way, they listen and offer ideas or suggestions, they try to persuade the person and if that doesn’t work then they agree to disagree 2.Volatile oThe couple lives to fight, intensely emotional, lots of sarcasm, jealousy and bickering, don’t tend to fight fairly, they don’t calmly listen, they try and hurt the other person, this type of marriage is not doomed, as long as they maintain the 5:1 ratio then it will work, when it does work, then it is more passionate 3.Conflict avoiding oCannot stand fighting, when a potential disagreement arrives, then they are more likely to walk around the issue, they just end up not resolving any issues, they are not doomed as long as they maintain the 5:1 ratio, they don’t have as many positive interactions b/c they aren’t very emotional connections, but they don’t really have any negative |
