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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rehearsal
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Repeating info over and over as a possible way of learning and remembering it
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Working Memory
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Short Term Memory:
1. Active processing of info 2. Associates new and old info 3. Solves problems |
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Storage
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Retaining info in memory
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Examples of Spacing Effect
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Information is retained better when rehearsal is distributed over time
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Echoic Memory
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Auditory
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Iconic Memory
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Visual
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3 Steps of Memory in Order
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Encoding, storage, retrieval
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Hippocampus
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Explicit memories
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Cerebellum
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Implicit Memory
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Explicit Memory
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With conscious recall
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Implicit Memory
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Without conscious recall
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Automatic Processing
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Unconscious encoding of info about space, time, frequency, and well-learned info
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Effortful Processing
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Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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The serial position effect involves
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the recency effect and the primary effect
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Context effect
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Ability to recall is improved when in the same context as the initial experience
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State-Dependent Memory
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Recall is improved when encoding and retrieval of a memory happen in the same emotional or biological state
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Flashbulb Memories
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Clear, detailed memories of emotionally significant events. Can become distorted.
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Source Amnesia
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Someone can recall certain info, but do not know where or how they obtained it.
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Types of Memory Interference
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Proactive
Retroactive |
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Long Term Potentiation
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A neural basis for learning and remembering associations
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Misinformation Effect
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Incorporating misleading info into the memory of an event
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Elizabeth Loftus
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Showed two groups of people the same image of a car accident. Asked each group a question, but altered it slightly.
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Two types of Amnesia
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Retrograde: inability to access memory before a certain date
Anterograde: inability to form memory after a certain date |
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Imagination Inflation
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Imagining something and really perceiving it activate similar brain areas. False memories
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Repression
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Freudian defense mechanism that banishes an anxiety producing memory from consciousness
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Cognition
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The mental activities associated with acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge, often directed toward a goal, purpose, or conclusion
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Concept
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Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
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Heuristic
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Strategy that involves using a mental shortcut to reduce the number of solutions, although the guarantee of a solution is lost
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Algorithm
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Strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method that inevitably produces the correct solution
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Prototype
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The most typical instance or best example of a particular concept
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The framing effect
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How an issue is presented can significantly affect thought processes, judgements, and decisions
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Confirmation Bias
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Searching for info that supports our preconceptions and ignoring or distorting contradictory info
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Overconfidence
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Overestimating the accuracy of our own knowledge
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Belief Perseverance
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Clinging to ones initial conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
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Insight
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A sudden, often novel, realization of a solution
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Two Major Parts of Brain Responsible for Language
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Broca's Area: language production
Wernicke's Area: language comprehension |
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Phonemes
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Smallest distinctive sound unit
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Morphemes
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Smallest meaningful unit of language
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Critical period for language
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Age 7
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Do animals have evidence of language?
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Yes, animals have evidence of language, because chimpanzees and gorillas have been able to use sign language. Bonobos had comprehension of spoken language. An African grey parrot named Alex knew shapes and colors and could speak. Bottle nose dolphins understand American Sign Language.
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