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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the sensory systems
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Visual, auditory, gustatory (taste), olfactory (smell), somato-sensory (touch, temp, pain), vestibular system (balance)
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What is the function of the sensory systems?
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Convert environmental energy into an energy form the brain can understand; respond to specific types of energy
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Periphery
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Border between us and oustide environment
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What are the major components of the nerve cell?
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Dendrites, cell body (soma), axon, terminal
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Dendrites
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A treelike part of a neuron on which other neurons form synapses; receiving end
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Soma
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Cell body, the largest part of a neuron; receives messages from other neurons, controls metabolism and maintenance of cell
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Axon
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A long, thin part of a neuron attached to the soma; divides into a few or many branches, ending in terminal buttons (carries information away from soma towards cell with which its communicating)
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Terminal buttons
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The rounded swelling at the end of the axon of a neuron, releases neurotransmitters (sends info)
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Axon hillock
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Where the cell body connects to axon; currents come together and sum up here
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
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Separates fluid inside and outside cell, covers cell. Different membranes around each part of a neuron
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Where is the nucleus located?
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In the dendrites in the cell body
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What are the components of the central nervous system?
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Brain (located in skull) and spinal cord (in spinal column)
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Segments of the spinal cord
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(Top to bottom) Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
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Cervical (spinal column)
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Collects information from front of arms, back of the head
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Thoracic (spinal cord)
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Collects information from chest, arms
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Lumbar (spinal cord)
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Collects information from front of legs, pelvis
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Sacral (spinal cord)
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Collects information from back of legs
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Where does information enter the brain?
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Medulla (somato-sensory cortex)
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Pons
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Part of the brain stem just above the medulla, controls sleep and wakefulness
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What components make up the brainstem?
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Medulla, pons, midbrain
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Occipital lobe
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Controls vision (back of brain)
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Temporal lobe
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Controls hearing (bottom side, boundary = lateral fissure)
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Insula of Temporal lobe (inside)
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Controls taste (inside)
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Bottoms front lobe (orbito-frontal lobe)
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Controls smell
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Parietal Lobe
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Controls somatosensation; top, behind central fissure, somatosensory cortex; spatial perception and memory
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Frontal lobe
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In front of central sulcus; concerned with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, problem solving (different from animals except for movement); includes prefrontal cortex and motor cortex
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Cerebellum
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"Small Brain," coordination; Functions: Movement, balance, posture
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Transduction
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The process whereby environmental energy is converted into electrical energy by the sensory apparatus
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Nerve Cell
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Basic unit invovled in transmittion and processing of signals of the brain (100 billion nerve cells, each receives input from 10,000 other neurons)
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Spiking
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Cell produces an electrical or nerve impulse that travels rapidly along long fiber of the cell
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Cell "at rest"
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Before activity arrives, quiet activity of ions moving back and forth through cell membrane, Na+ greater outside cell, K+ greater outside cell, Cl- equal inside and outside cell, charge of -70mV. K+ ions flow outward, membrane impermeable to Na+, but some may leak in
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Semi-permeable
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Membrane allows certain ions to enter pores/channels
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Coccygeal (Spinal cord)
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Lowest area, diminished role in humans
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Sodium Potassium Pump
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Pump with two arms in the membrane itself, one arm grabs K+ and throws them back in, one grabs Na+ that leaked in back out; ratio Na+:K+ 3:2
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Threshold for Firing
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When cell reaches potential of -40mV inside, all the Na+ pores open up, Na+ rushes in, cell FIRES
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Action Potential
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Fast traveling current along the axon; Firing of axon
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All or None Principle
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No such thing as "half action potential," cell fires or it does not fire
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Myelin Sheath
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Insulates cell from outside fluids, current jumps from naked portion to naked portion, Multiple Sclorosis = Lack of myelin sheath; insulates to prevent scrambling of messages and increase speed of action potential
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Salatory Conduction
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Jumping of current from one Node of Ranvier to the next, develops great speed
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Vesicles
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Little balls in terminal filled with neurotransmitters; fuses with membrane and spills contents in space between terminal and next dendrite in line of cells; sends message of nervous system
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What type of messages are sent in the nervous system?
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Electro-chemical
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Refractory Period
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0.5-1 milliseconds, period of time after action potential when cell needs to recover, get back to -70mV, influenced by sodium potassium pump, determines frequency!
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How many times does a cell fire per second?
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500-1000
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Frequency Coding Principle (Stimulus Frequency Principle)
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Firing rate of cell is low when stimulus in outside world is weak, increases as sitmulus gets more intense; intensity determines number of cell firings
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Where do nerve cells communicate?
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Synapse
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What are the parts of the synapse?
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Pre-synaptic membrane (of axon terminal), post-synaptic membrane (of receiving dendrite) and synaptic cleft
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Where are neurotransmitters synthesized?
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Terminal of the neuron
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What are the two ways a neurotransmitter is terminated?
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1. Enzyme in synaptic cleft destroys neurotransmitter molecule 2. Transporter molecule ships neurotransmitter back into pre-synaptic terminal (reuptake)
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Reuptake Mechanism
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Neurotransmitter transporters pump molecules of neurotransmitter from synaptic cleft back into terminal buttons, terminates the effect of the neurotransmitter on the receptors of the postsynaptic neuron
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What causes multiple sclorosis?
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Lack of myelin sheath; immune system attacks a protein in the myelin sheath of axons, stripping it away; variety of neurological symptoms
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Thalamus
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Every sensory system sends information here (Relay station!); only smell doesn't send most information here; then relayed to cerebral cortex
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Cerebral Cortex
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The outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, 3mm thick, referred to as gray matter; contains biiions of neural cells. Responsible for perceptions, storage of memories, where plans formulated and executed
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Corpus Collosuum
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Massive bundle of fibers, connects two halves of brain (cut to reduce seizures in epilepsy); white matter
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Blood-brain barrier
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Barrier between the blood and the brain, produced by cells in the walls of the brain's capillaries, prevents substances from passing from blood to brain
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Gray matter
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Portions of the central nervous system that are abundant in cell bodies of neurons rather than axons, appears gray
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White matter
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Portions of the central nervous system that are abundant in axons rather than cell bodies of neurons, color derived from presence of axon's myelin sheaths
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Synapse
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Junciton between terminal button of one neuron and membrane of muscle fiber, gland, or another neuron
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Presynaptic neuron
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Neuron whose terminal buttons form synapses with and excite or inhibit another neuron
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Postsynaptic Neuron
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Neuron with which the terminal buttons of another neuron form synapses and that is excited or inhibited by that neuron
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Synaptic Vesicle
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Small, hollow, beadlike structure found in terminal buttons, contains neurotransmitters
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Synaptic Cleft
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Fuid-filled gap between presynpatic and postsynaptic membranes, terminal button releases neurotransmitter into this space
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Resting Potential
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Membrane potential of neuron when it's not producing an action potential, -70mV, unequal distribution of positively and negatively charged ions inside the axon and outside it
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Node of Ranvier
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Space between myelin sheath on axon, current jumps along these, naked portion of cell
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Lateral Fissure
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Beneath central fissure, separates frontal/temporal lobes
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Laterality
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One hemisphere controls a certain function
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Localization
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A more specific area is responsible for function
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Central fissure
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Runs in middle of the brain, separates front (anterior) and back (posterior) of brain
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Cerebrum
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Large brain, divided into left and right hemispheres; contain parts of brain evolved most recently (perceptions, memories, behaviors of particular interest to psychologists)
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What is the back of the brain responsible for?
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Sensory information, vision, hearing, taste, touch
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What is the front of the brain responsible for?
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Motor commands
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Homunculus
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"Little man" representation of each body part in the brain disproportional to actual size; in humans- largest: face (facial expressions, communication), tongue (taste poisons, look for food), thumbs (dexterity)
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Association Areas
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Between lobes, differentiation between sounds, tastes, where information is integrated
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Wernicke's Area
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Understanding of speech (located above temporal lobe)
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Broca's Area
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Production of speech (frontal lobe)
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Receptors
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Convert information from the environment into electrical signals; accept molecules, open up Na+ channels or K+ channels or Cl- channels, whatever is available
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Describe the electricity in a cell
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Negative with respect to outside by -70mV; Na+ ions pulled into cell where lower concentration; If more leaked in, cell would become more positive and -70mV would become smaller, lose charge
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Describe the concentration of Na+ and K+ inside and outside a cell while at rest
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Inside (Small Na+, large K+ concentration) Outside (Large Na+ concentration, small K+ concentration)
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Cell "in action"
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Membrane changes permeability (permeable to Na+ ions), Na+ enters faster than pump can throw them out, current of ions flows from dendrites across cell body towards axon, positive charge increases inside cell, several currents travel across cell body toward axon (inputs from many axon terminals)
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Sodium channels
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Allow Na+ to enter, charge inside cell becomes more positive, channels open at the hillock creating great positive charge
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When do the vesicles act on membranes?
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When current arrives at terminal, a new change arrises
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What is the importance of calcium in the neuron?
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Calcium ions drive vesicles that hold neurotransmitters, bind to vesicle, drive to inside of terminal membrane
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Polarization
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Charged particles, two types hyperpolarized and depolarized
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Hyperpolarized
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Change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative, inhibits rise of action potential
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Depolarized
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Change in a cell's membrane potential, making it more positive, or less negative, may result in action potential; allows Ca+ to enter the cell, neurotransmitters can fire (cacium dependent)
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Agonist
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Same action as naturally occuring substance (drug has the same effects)
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Antagonist
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Block or occupies a particular receptor, prevents natural transmitter from exerting any effect
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Why are neurotransmitters calcium dependent?
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Only once Ca+ can enter the cell can a neurotransmitter fire; triggers release
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Inhibitory Synapses
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(GABA) when activated, lower the rate at which axons fire
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Excitatory Synapses
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(Glutamine) terminal buttons releasea neurotransmitter that excites the postsynaptic neurons with which they form synapses, increase rate of firing
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Hypothalamus
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Just above pituitary gland, controls autonomic nervous system, regulation and survival (eating drinking fighting shivering sweating)
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Three Primary Functions of the Brain
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Controlling behavior, processing and retaining the informatino we receive from the environment, and regulating the body's physiological processes
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Neuron
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Neural cells, elements of nervous system, bring sensory information into the brain, store memories, reach decisions, and control activity of muscles. Receive information from other neurons, process information, communicate information to other neurons
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Neurotransmitter
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A chemical secreted by terminal buttons, affects the activity of the other cells with which the neuron communicates, secreted when action potention sent down axon (fires)
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Ions
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Positively or negatively charged particles produced when a substance is dissolved in water
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Ion channel
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A special protein molecule located in the membrane of a cell; controls entry or exit of partiular ions.
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Ion transporter
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Special protein molecule in membrane of a cell, actively transports ions in our out of cell; restore normal balance after action potential
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Neurotransmitter receptor
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Special protein molecule in membrane of postsynaptic neuron that responsds to molecules in neurotransmitter
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Glutamate
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Most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
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GABA
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Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain)
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In what ways can drugs affect the processes of neurotransmitters?
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Stimulate or inhibit the release of neurotransmitters, mimic the effects on postsynaptic receptors, block these effects, or interfere with the reuptake of neurotransmiter once released
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Types of Neurotransmitters
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Gaba and glycine, glutamate, dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin, acetylcholine, neuro-peptides: substance P, endogeneous opiods, cannabinoids
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What are the roles of the brain stem?
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Controls breathing, bood pressure, life functions
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MRI
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Interaction between radio waves and strong magnetic field to produce images of slices of the interior of the body)
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EEG
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Electroencephalogram- An electrical brain potential recorded by placing electrodes on the scalp. Recording of the brain's activity
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PET
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Positron Emission Tomography (Use of a device that reveals the localization of a radioactive tracer in a living brain)
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fMRI
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Functional MRI (Modification of the MRI procedure that permits the measurement of regional metabolism in the brain; detected by levels of oxygen in the brain's blood vessels) *Most Recent, Most Popular
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Primary Visual Cortex
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Located in the occipital lobes, portion of cerebral cortex that receives information directly from visual system
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Primary Auditory Cortex
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Portion of cerebral cortex that receives information directly from auditory system, located in temporal lobes
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Primary somatosensory cortex
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Region of the cerebral cortex that receives information directly from somatosensory system (touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature) located in parietal lobes
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Primary Motor Cortex
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Region of the cerebral cortex that controls movements of the body, located in posterior part of frontal lobes
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Left Hemisphere
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Analysis of information, serial events, verbal activities, talking, understanding speech, reading, writing
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Right Hemisphere
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Putting isolated elements together as a whole; draw sketches, read maps, construct complex objects out of smaller elements
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Medulla
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Part of the brain stem closest to the spinal cord, controls vital functions such as heart rate and blood pressure, rate of respiration, crawling or swimming actions
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Basal Ganglia
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Collection of groups of neurons in cerebral hemispheres; controls slow movements and movements that involve large muscles of the body
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Limbic System
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Set of structures important in emotional and species-typical behavior, learning and memory, includes amygdala, hippocampus, and limbic cortex
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Limbic Cortex
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Cerebral cortex located around the edges of the cerebral hemispheres where they join with the brain stem, part of the limbic system
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Hippocampus
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Episodic memory, spatial memory, part of limbic system, located in temporal lobe
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Amygdala
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Part of limbic system, located deep in temporal lobe, controls changes in emotion and aggressive behavior (fighting or fleeing)
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Midbrain
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Part of the brain stem anterior to the pons, involved in control of fighting and sexual behavior and decreased sensitivity to pain during those behaviors
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Which portion of the brain receives olfactory (smell) information?
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A portion of the frontal lobe, not visible from the side
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Which portion of the brain receives gustatory (taste) information?
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Base of the somatosensory cortex
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