Psych Exam #3

Front 1

Teratogens-Drugs- Smoking

Back 1

mild stimulant; increases fetal activity; low birth weight, increased SIDS

Front 2

Teratogenic Agents- Drugs or Chemicals

Back 2

Increased understanding of the role of prenatal exposure to drugs on the developing child: thalidomide

Front 3

Teratogenic Agents- Stress

Back 3

Prolonged stress linked with prematurity and low birth weight

Front 4

Definition: teratogens

Back 4

Harmful toxins that affect development resulting in defect, damage or anomoly

Front 5

Important concepts with teratogens

Back 5

Dose: how much?
Basic Heredity-Vulnerable vs sturdy
Age of organism at exposure
Multiply determined: stress, nutrition, lack of medical care

Front 6

Teratogens- Drugs- Marijuana

Back 6

low birthweight, disturbed sleep in newborns, reduced attention to environment

Front 7

Teratogens- Drugs- Heroin

Back 7

premature birth weight, termulous behavior, poor sleep, poor sucking and feeding, risk of SIDS

Front 8

Teratogens- Drugs- Cocaine

Back 8

"crack babies" premature size/weight, tremulous, high pitched crying, respiratory and regurgitation problems, rigidity, withdrawal symptoms, deformities

Front 9

Definition: Comorbidity

Back 9

abuse of multiple substances likely

Front 10

Definition: developmental psychology

Back 10

Universal aspects of lifespan development from conceptions through death; Identifies cultural variations
Explores physical, cognitive, social and emotional development

Front 11

Definition: Cephalocaudal

Back 11

head to feet physical development

Front 12

Definition: Proximodistal

Back 12

Center moving outward physical development

Front 13

Definition: Placenta

Back 13

structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into fetus from mother's bloodstream; allows waste to pass out

Front 14

Teratogens- drugs- alcohol

Back 14

leading teratogen in the united states causing mental retardation.

Front 15

Physical symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome

Back 15

growth retardation, head and facial abnormalities, microcephaly, skeletal and brain and heart damage

Front 16

behavioral symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome

Back 16

poor impulse control, poor attention, hyperactivity and cognitive deficits

Front 17

Fetal Alcohol Effects

Back 17

Some symptoms of FAS but less physical symptoms ARND: alcohol related neurological disorders

Front 18

Prenatal Development- germinal phase

Back 18

Conception- 2 weeks

Front 19

Other sources of teratogens

Back 19

exposure to toxins in the workplace- agent orange...

Front 20

Embryonic stage- 2-8 weeks

Back 20

Head, face and neck development
Buds for limbs form and grow
major organs/digestive system differentiating
heartbeat begins

Front 21

Effects on sperm by age and teratogens

Back 21

specific to limited motility, lower sperm rates and specific birth defects
paternal age now looked at as a factor in certain conditions too

Front 22

Fetal Stage

Back 22

8th week- birth

Front 23

3rd month of fetal development

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digestive organs begin to function
buds for teeth form
sex organs develop rapidly
arms/fingers move

Front 24

4th month of fetal development

Back 24

face looks human
lower body outgrows head
bones are defined

Front 25

Sensory abilities of newborns/infants: Vision

Back 25

-poor fixation ability
-limited ability to discriminate color
-estimated visual acuity of between 20/200 and 20/400
-preference for human face

Front 26

Sensory abilities of newborns/infants: Hearing

Back 26

-fetus can hear sounds around 6 months in utero
-recognize mother's voice

Front 27

5th month of fetal development

Back 27

fingernails and toenails appear
Lanugo: fine, wooly hair over body
Vernix: Waxy coating collects

Front 28

Sensory abilities of newborns/infants: Taste and Smell

Back 28

both present at birth, preference for sweet

Front 29

Sensory abilities of newborns/infants: touch

Back 29

heat, cold, pressure and pain all present at birth

Front 30

6th month of fetal development

Back 30

eyebrows/lashes well defined
eyes completely formed

Front 31

Sensory abilities of newborns/infants: Rooting reflex

Back 31

survival value, stroke cheek and baby will turn head toward the stimulation

Front 32

Sensory abilities of newborns/infants: stepping reflex

Back 32

basis for complex motor skills, with bare feet touching floor infant will mimic a stepping response (disappears around 2 months)

Front 33

Definition: reflexes

Back 33

inborn, automatic responses to a particular form of stimulation.

Front 34

7th month of fetal development

Back 34

fetus capable of life outside uterus.
26 weeks can survive with help now
used to be 28 weeks

Front 35

Sensory abilities of newborns/infants: sucking reflex

Back 35

place a finger in mouth and baby will suck; permits feeding

Front 36

Sensory abilities of newborns/infants: eyeblink reflex

Back 36

shine a bright light or clap, they will close eyelids. Protects from strong stimulation

Front 37

Sensory abilities of newborns/infants: Babinski reflex

Back 37

stroke the heel to see reactions of the toes which flex/fan out; normal in infants, if persists can indicate neurological problems

Front 38

8th to 9th month of fetal development

Back 38

-fat is deposited for later use
-fingernails beyond fingertips at birth
-lanugo is shed
-myelination of brain
-chief organs increase functioning
-vernix covers body

Front 39

Sensory abilities of newborns/infants: Morow Reflex

Back 39

Startle reflex, goes away by about 5 months.
-hold a baby and stop support, they throw their arms about.

Front 40

Gross and fine motor development

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individual differences exist, normative expectations for these skills and abilities often called milestones

Front 41

Ages 2-3: gross motor development

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walk rhythmically, jump, hop, push a riding toy with feet

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Ages 2-3: fine motor development

Back 42

remove simple clothing items, start to use a spoon

Front 43

Ages 3-4: gross motor development

Back 43

walks upstairs alternating feet, catches ball by trapping in chest, rides a tricycle

Front 44

Ages 3-4: fine motor development

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fasten/unfasten large buttons, uses scissors,copies lines, circles, draws tadpole person

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Ages 4-5: gross motor development

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walks downstairs alternating feet, runs smoothly, catches ball with hands, rapid/smooth steering

Front 46

Ages 4-5 : fine motor development

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uses a fork, cuts with scissors on lines, copies triangles, and some letters

Front 47

Ages 5-6: gross motor development

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increases running speed, true skipping, ride bicycle

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Ages 5-6: fine motor control

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uses knife to cut food, tie shoes, draw 6 part person, copies words and numbers

Front 49

Gender differences in development

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Boys ahead of girls in force and power; girls ahead in fine motor and gross motor skills which involve good balance

Front 50

Gender differences in termperment

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relatively constant basic disposition which is inherent in a person that underlies and modulates his/her behavior

Front 51

Thomas and Chess- three basic temperaments for infants

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difficult, slow to warm up, and easy

Front 52

Termpermental category: Difficult

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10%- often wail, cry and are negative in new situations, eat and sleep irregularly

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Termpermental category: Slow to warm up

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15% often inactive, adapt slowly and can be withdrawn and show a negative mood

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Termpermental category: easy

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40%, cheerful, adaptable, easily establish routines

Front 55

Tempermental category: mixture

Back 55

35% are a combination of all the categories

Front 56

Definition: goodness of fit

Back 56

the match between the characteristics of the infant and his/her family is critical to development. Some are better matches than others!

Front 57

Key to infant temperament

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interaction between genetics and environment is key with temperament

Front 58

Definition: attachment

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the affectional bond between an infant and its caretaker

Front 59

separation anxiety

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the emotional upset

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mothers

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the most common first object attachment

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initial attachments...

Back 61

can occur with mother and with another person at the same time

Front 62

the number of a child's attachments...

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increases rapidly

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stranger anxiety

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develops when infants are around 6-7 months ending around 18 months. If a stranger approaches, the infant becomes afraid and reaches for the caregiver

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securely attached

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child uses the parent as the safe base to explore, when separated the child may not cry during absence, seek contact with parent return 65%

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avoidant attachment

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unresponsive to parent when present, no distress when she leaves, reacts to stranger as parent, slow to greet parent return. 20%

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resistant attachment

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seek closeness with parents, fail to explore, upon return display anger, resistant behavior, cannot be comforted. 10-15%

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disorganized/ disoriented attachment

Back 67

greatest amount of insecurity
in reunion show disorganized confused behaviors
seem confused
glazed and spacy
mothers are more avoidant and are inconsistent with a lack of sensitivity to infants need. 5 %

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Authoritarian parenting style

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restrictive parenting, insist on obedience, rigid rules, no explanations and insensitivity. Preschoolers were moody; easily annoyed, unfriendly, less motivated.

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Authoritative Parenting Style

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assume control with flexibility; reasonable demands; provide reasons for rules/decisions. Preschoolers were cheerful, socially responsible; achievement oriented and cooperative

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Permissive parenting style

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accepting and lax with few demands; little monitoring; few controls. Preschoolers were impulsive, aggressive, bossy self-centered, low in independence and achievement

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Uninvolved parenting style

Back 71

removed or hostile parenting, overwhelmed with own stressors have little time or energy to parent. CHildren high in aggression, temper tantrums, perform poorly in the classroom.

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psychosurgey: deep brain stimulation

Back 72

-thin electrode surgically implanted so electrical currents can be dlivered to the brain.

Front 73

psychosurgery: lesion/destroy

Back 73

lesion/destroy problematic areas of the brain to eliminate disruptive behaviors (lobotomy; ocd surgery)

Front 74

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT):

Back 74

shock therapy; beneficial to those with severe depressions which are not responsive to medication/therapy. Can lead to memory impairment. Unclear on why/how it works.

Front 75

Psychoanalysis:

Back 75

based on freudian principles believing in the impact of early childhood
-uses free association
-dream interpretation
-transference
-goal to uncover conflicts

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free association:

Back 76

saying whatever comes to mind

Front 77

Transference

Back 77

develop relationship with therapist based on other people in one's life.

Front 78

psychodynamic therapies:

Back 78

looks at unconscious conflicts, defense mechanisms and symptom resolution in a broader manner than freud.

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humanistic or client centered therapies:

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blief that people need to be supported and set the pace of their own therapy (rogers).

Front 80

Basic principles of client centered therapies

Back 80

unconditional positive regard and help build self esteem and feelings of acceptance with genuineness and empathy.

Front 81

Systematic desensitization:

Back 81

step by step process of eliminating a fear. uses counter conditioning.

Front 82

Counterconditioning

Back 82

pair relaxation techniques with feared situation
Aversion therapy: substitutes punishment for the reinforcement of a bad habit. Antabuse for alcoholics, shock for pedophiles

Front 83

systematic desensitization:

Back 83

step by step process of eliminating a fear, uses counterconditioning.

Front 84

Counterconditioning

Back 84

pair relaxation techniques with feared situation

Front 85

flooding:

Back 85

immersion into the feared situation/ circumstance as an intervention to decrease the phobic/feared response

Front 86

cognitive therapies

Back 86

help identify beliefs and expectations which maintain problems and conflicts. challenges distortions in thinking
-identify faulty thinking and encourage realistic reappraisal with therapist support
-Includes a variety of behavioral elements including modeling and rehearsal.

Front 87

Family/Couples Therapy:

Back 87

focus on the dynamics in the family as a system with different rules, roles and motivations
-treat each person as integral to the bigger system; "identified patient" is symptom bearer in the family
-change one part of the system and the whole system needs to adapt

Front 88

Group therapy: people with similar or different problems come together to provide support, strategies

Back 88

people with similar or different problems come together to provide support, strategies
-normalization
-aid in social skills, encourages empathy
-efficient use of resources

Front 89

Psychotherapy ourtcome research

Back 89

-various therapies see similar success rates
-different beliefs that some therapies do beter for some disorders
-a positive therapeutic relationship to the therapist can be vital.

Front 90

Definition: Mental disorder

Back 90

any behavior or emotional state that causes distress or suffering, is maladaptive and disturbs relationships and the greater community

Front 91

Definition: legal standards

Back 91

whether or not a person is in control of behavior and aware of the consequences of his/her actions

Front 92

Classifying mental disorders

Back 92

DSM-IV TR: standard reference book for all disorders, around 300 mental disorders in this latest edition, descriptive and provides a set criteria for diagnosis

Front 93

DSM-IV TR: 5 axes or dimensions

Back 93

1. primary clinical problem
2. personality disorders, mental retardation
3. medical conditions relevent to disorder
4. social and environmental problems
5. global assessment of functioning

Front 94

PRoblems with DSM classifications

Back 94

-the danger of over diagnosis
-the power of diagnostic labels
-many of the symptoms are based on subjective not objective measures
-some categories have political/social implications

Front 95

Pervasive developmental disorders: autistic spectrum disorders

Back 95

Autism
Asperger's syndrome
ADHD
conduct disorder

Front 96

Autism:

Back 96

impairment in communication skills
impairment in social interactions
repetitive behaviors

Front 97

Asperger's Syndrome:

Back 97

higher level communication skills, significant social impairment (facial feedback training)

Front 98

ADHD

Back 98

-inattention, impulsivity and/or hyperactivity which is inappropriate for a child's particular developmental age
-~5% of school aged children
-more likely to bemales
-genetic link/runs in families
-multimodal treatment approach: drugs and behavioral interventions

Front 99

Conduct disorder

Back 99

-violate social norms
-physical aggression
-cruelty to animals
-lack remorse
-may be a precursor to antisocial personality

Front 100

Tourette's Syndrome

Back 100

-multiple motor and one or more vocal tics
-occur many times a day nearly every day or intermittently over a period of more than 1 year
-onset before age 18
-does not need to interfere with functining for diagnosis

Front 101

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Back 101

-continuous feelings of worry, anxiety dread/foreboding
-Reslessness
-Difficult Concentrating
-Irritability
-Muscle tension
-Sleep disturbance

Front 102

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Back 102

-anxiety resulting from a clear/predictable danger or event
-reliving trauma in thoughts or dreams
-psychic numbing
-increased physiological arousal

Front 103

Panic Disorder

Back 103

-recurring attack of intense fear or panic accompanied by feelings of impending doom or death
-symptoms include: trembling, shaking, dizziness, chest pain, sweating, heart palpitations, hot/cold flashes, sense of losing control

intense panic, impending doom, trembling, sweating, shaking

Front 104

Definition: fears and phobias

Back 104

exaggerated fear of a specific situation, activity or thing

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Definition: Social Phobia

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fear of being in a situation where a person will be observed by others

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Definition: agoraphobia

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fear of being alone in public places from which escape might be difficult or help will be unavailable; at its worst one doesn't leave his/her home.

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Definition: brontophonbia

Back 107

fear of thunder and lightening

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Defintiion: arachibutyrophobic

Back 108

fear of peanut better sticking to the roof of the mouth

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Definition: sesquipedalphobics

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fear of long words

Front 110

Definition: Sitaphobia

Back 110

fear of food

Front 111

Obsession:

Back 111

a recurrent, persistent and unwished for thought
examples: contamination; need for orderliness, aggressive impulses or thoughts, obsessive worry about an accident happening

Front 112

Compulsion:

Back 112

repetivite ritualized behavior in which people feel a lack of control over it.
examples: cleaning, checking and hoarding; creates anxiety to not have things a certain way
Disorder when it interferes with everyday life

Front 113

Depression:

Back 113

-sadness, lethargy, inactivity and feelings of helplessness and hopelessness
-genetic link
-behavioral changes: slower motor reactions
-cognitive changes: cognitive distortions
-physical changes: alters immune functioning

Front 114

Mania:

Back 114

-abnormal high level of energy
-great/special plans
-faulty thinking
-impulsive behavior
-grandiose schemes
-pressured speech
-spending large amounts of money
-outbursts of anger

Front 115

Bi-polar:

Back 115

-cycle through depression and mania
-at least one manic episode with hx of depression
-responsive to lithium
-problem with compliance: miss the high
-high suicide risk

Front 116

Personality disorders:

Back 116

rigid, maladaptive traits that cause great distress or lead to an inability to get along with others, or to function well in the world
-pattern is inflexible, pervasive and of long duration
-some question the about validity of the category
-clusters identified: anxious/fearful, odd/eccentric and dramatic/impulsive

Front 117

paranoid personality disorder

Back 117

-suspicious, argumentative, reluctant to confide in others because of fears information will be"used against" him/her.
-looking out for trickery
-blame others and bears grudges

Front 118

Schizoid personality disorder

Back 118

-have very few if any friends or family relationships
-oner, choosing solitary activities
-indifferent to praise or criticism
-shows no warm or tender feelings to other people

Front 119

Schizotypal:

Back 119

-almost looks schizophrenic
-bizarre patterns in behavior/peculiar
-uses unusual words
-sometimes has superstitious beliefs

Front 120

antisocial personality disorders:

Back 120

-likes to break rules/laws
-deceitful
-gladly take advantage of people
-lacks remorse
-can appear charming/friendly
-other intelligent
-history of conduct disorder

Front 121

borderline personality disorder:

Back 121

-manipulative
-stable pattern of unstable relationships
-frantic efforts to avoid "abandonment"
-splitting: all good or bad
-self mutilating behaviors
-impulsivity
-sexual promiscuity
-quick to anger

Front 122

histrionic personality disorder

Back 122

-overly dramatic
-everything is a trauma
-attention seekers
-seductive
-not genuine
-dependent on others

Front 123

narcissistic personality disorder:

Back 123

-feelings of grandiosity
-sense of privilege
-feels special
-expect favors from others
-takes advantage of others and lacks empathy

Front 124

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder:

Back 124

-perfectionist
-preoccupied with details
-rules are essential
-particular
-serious and formal
-work gives pleasure

Front 125

avoidant personality disorder

Back 125

-excessively sensitive to rejection
-fearful of humiliation or shame
-socially withdrawn
-wishes to be accepted by others but avoids opportunities based on anxiety

Front 126

passive aggressive personality disorder

Back 126

-removed from the DSM IV for further study

Front 127

schizophrenia:

Back 127

psychosis or condition involving distorted perceptions of reality and an inability to function in most aspects of life
-typical age of onset: 17-25
-strong genetic component

Front 128

positive symptoms: (presence of a distortion or bizarre behavioral symptom

Back 128

-bizarre delusions
-hallucinations
-heightened sensory awareness
-disorganized incoherent speech and behavior

Front 129

negative symptoms (loss of functioning or ability; behavioral deficits)

Back 129

-poverty of speech
-emotional flatness
-loss of motivation
-social withdrawal
-apathy
-impaired attention

Front 130

dissociative disorders:

Back 130

consciousness, bahavior and identity are split off
-may develop in response to traumatic events

Front 131

Amnesia:

Back 131

inability to remember important personal information; cannot be explained by ordinary forgetfulness;

Front 132

fugue state:

Back 132

no concept of self/ can take on a whole new identity/life

Front 133

dissociative identity disorder: (multiple personality disorder)

Back 133

the appearance of 2 or more distint identites within one person
- at least two recurrently take control over behavior
-inability to recall important information
-controversial in the field of psychology
-sybil

Front 134

Altruism:

Back 134

helping behavior

Front 135

Kitty Genovese

Back 135

Diffusion of responsibility, bystander effect

Front 136

Diffusion of responsibility:

Back 136

when others are present the responsibility to help is divided amon those present

Front 137

Bystander effect:

Back 137

people are less likely to provide help when in groups

Front 138

Bystander research

Back 138

Bystander won't help if they don't notice.
Decide if it is an emergency.
If an emergency: intervene or not
Take on responsibility: begin to question self efficacy and confidence
Intervene regardless of cost.

Front 139

Who we are more willing to help

Back 139

-people who are more similar to us
-women are more likely to be helped than men.
-perceived responsibility-more likely to help those who we view as "true victims"

Front 140

variables that impact altruism

Back 140

gender, race, and class.

Front 141

factors that influence attraction to others

Back 141

proximity, similarity in attitudes, values and interests, matching hypothesis, gender differences found cross culturally(males place more emphasis on physical attraction, women on social status and finances)

Front 142

attraction factors: proximity

Back 142

being near increases likelihood; availability increases attraction

Front 143

attraction factors: matching hypothesis

Back 143

people tend to opt for those at their same level of attractiveness

Front 144

sternbergs three components of love

Back 144

intimacy: sense of closeness and sharing
passion: emotional, physical
commitment: efforts to maintain the relationship with difficulties and costs

Front 145

prejudice:

Back 145

negative attitudes towards people based on membership in a group

Front 146

stereotypes:

Back 146

characteristics we attribute to people based on their membership in a group

Front 147

prejudice and stereotypes impact our ______

Back 147

impressions and attributions

Front 148

discrimination:

Back 148

treat people differently and unfairly based on group affiliation

Front 149

illusory correlation:

Back 149

people tend to overestimate the number of confirmations of an association between social traits

Front 150

self serving bias:

Back 150

we attribute our successes to personal factors and our failures to situational forces.

Front 151

fundamental attribution error:

Back 151

in contrast to the self serving bias, we assume others' failures are due to personal or internal factors.

Front 152

group membership:

Back 152

we categorize ourselves as "in group" or "out group" and view our members in more favorable terms

Front 153

homogeneity bias:

Back 153

believe those in the "out group" are all the same, although we see the diversity within our own group.

Front 154

Walster and Berscheid: Love

Passionate Love

Back 154

intensely emotional and physical

Front 155

Walster and Berscheid: Love

Companionate Love

Back 155

deep affection, share emotional intimacy and friendship

Front 156

Harlow Monkey Studies

Back 156

• Reared Monkeys in isolation or with a surrogate mother
• After 6 months sent back to colony
• Isolated monkeys showed indifference, were terrified or were aggressive with other monkeys, failed to form relationships with opposite sex, were abusive to their offspring.

Front 157

Attachment and Contact Comfort:

Back 157

hypothesized that animals/humans need warmth, comfort as a primary need.
Monkeys stayed with soft warm mother 22 hours a day and only went to the other for food.

Front 158

Value of Peer Relationship

Back 158

-Arena for exercising independence from adults and adult control
-Equal footing relationship
-Help translate and establish trends/group belonging, behavior codes.
-serve as role models
-provide emotional support.

Front 159

Adolescent growth spurt:

Back 159

rapid growth in height and weight as the body is preparing for hormonal shifts/maturation.

Front 160

Asynchrony:

Back 160

Certain body parts grow at different speeds leading to a lack of proportion

Front 161

Maturation of prefrontal cortex

Back 161

Recent research indicates that final maturation of the prefrontal cortex takes place in adolescence. This area is responsible for organization, planning, emotional regulation and impulse control.

Front 162

Definition: Puberty

Back 162

sexual functions reach maturity; impacts social and emotional development

Front 163

Definition: Menarche

Back 163

first occurrence of menstruation

Front 164

Definition: Spermarche

Back 164

first occurrence of ejaculating

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Early maturation

Back 165

-Early maturing males have positive self-concepts
- Early maturing females: greater chance of depression, anxiety, eating disorders

Front 166

Definition: Adolescent Egocentricism

Back 166

way of thinking the world is focused on themselves (Elkind)

Front 167

Definition: imaginary Audience

Back 167

belief that everyone in the environment is concerned with the behavior/appearance of him/herself (Elkind)

Front 168

Definition: Personal Fable

Back 168

View him/herself as somehow unique or heroic (Elkind)

Front 169

Invincibility Fable

Back 169

false sense that h/she can't be harmed

Front 170

Storm and Stress

Back 170

not as frequent as once thought

Front 171

Similarity to parents in issues

Back 171

For issues related to finances, education and career, religion and politics today's adolescents are more similar to their parents

Front 172

Definition: Conflict

Back 172

Most conflict with parents occurs about chores and dress style than sex/drugs

Front 173

Peers in adolescence as role models

Back 173

Peers in adolescence continue to serve as role models and sources of comfort and support. Althought research does support the presence of "peer pressure" in general we see peers often encouraging socially positive behaviors

Front 174

Development theories as stage theories

Back 174

-Individuals must progress through stages in a particular order, stages build on each other
-progress is strongly related to age
-development is marked by discontinuities that result in dramatic transitions

Front 175

Jean Piaget and Cognitive development

Back 175

How a child thinks, including reasoning, remembering and problem solving

Front 176

Development involves two processes by Piaget

Back 176

Assimilation: how to fit new information into the present system of knowledge
- Accommodation: existing structures don't fit so a child must develop new schemas

Front 177

Piaget's Stages of cognitive Development

Back 177

Sensorimotor (birth- 2 years)
Preoperational (2-7 years)

Front 178

Definition: Sensorimotor

Back 178

Infants learn through concrete motor actions; by touching, tasting and smelling
- Accomplish object permanence (6 months)
- develop capacity for mental imagery
- organize information into categories
-increasingly able to use purposeful activity

Front 179

Definition: Preoperational

Back 179

-Gradually improve in mental images
-Can pretend
- Action oriented
- Develop representational thought
- Have not mastered conservation

Front 180

Definition: Conservation

Back 180

basic properties of an object remain stable even if superficial properties change

Front 181

Flaws of thinking in preoperational children

Back 181

Centration, Irreversibility, Egocentricism

Front 182

Definition: Centration

Back 182

focus on one aspect of a problem and neglect other aspects

Front 183

Definition: irreversibility

Back 183

inability to envision reversing an action

Front 184

Definition: Egocentricism

Back 184

thinking characterized by a limited ability to share another person's point of view.

Front 185

PHysical maturation coincides with....

Back 185

....cognitive and social development

Front 186

Concrete operations (7-11)

Back 186

-The child performs operations on tangible objects and events
- show increased flexibility in thinking
-Hierarchies
- Can begin to see cause and effect
- Masters reversibility and decentration
- Can retrace thoughts

Front 187

FOrmal Operations (12 and up)

Back 187

-begin to see abstract reasoning
-understand metaphor and deductive reasoning
-become more systematic in thinking
-can discuss moral values

Front 188

Piaget Criticism

Back 188

Piaget criticized for underestimating children's abilities, not focusing enough on individual differences; much research still supports his theories/beliefs

Front 189

Erik Erikson and lifespan development

Back 189

believes each stage involves a psychosocial crisis: a transition which is organized around social relationships and that personality is determined by these stages

Front 190

Heteronomous Morality (ages 4-7)

Back 190

-Rules are subject to another's laws
- What you are told is right or wrong
- Rules are absolute and real

Front 191

Autonomous Morality (7 years and up)

Back 191

-One is subject to his/ her own law
-Things aren't al right or wrong
- A child can consider intentionality

Front 192

Kohlberg moral development

Back 192

Kohlberg studied moral development using the heinz dilemma. Found various stages of moral development based on responses to this and similar situations

Front 193

Lifespan issues in development

Back 193

-Our country is getting older
- Living more productive lives for more years
- More career shifts seen in the population

Front 194

Intellectual functioning and age

Back 194

Fluid intelligence: basic information processing skills, is more likely to devline with age
Crystallized Intelligence: application of accumulated knowledge remains more stable

Front 195

Langer and Rodin Study

Back 195

Maintaining a sense of control over one's life leads to greater psychological well being in the elderly.

Front 196

Ways to promote Healthy aging

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-increase healthy behaviors
-promote companionship
-take vitamin supplements
-stay active physically and intellecutally
-volunteer or work
- maintain positive relationships with family/ friends
- have a positive attitude
- decrease sun exposure
-be a health care consumer, ask questions
-explore medication interactions
- find faith
- recent programs supporting the elderly and children in daycare

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Definition:stress

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any circumstance that threatens or is perceived to threaten one's well being

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Stress has both _________ and _______ components

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Stress has both psychological and physiological components.

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Definition: Frustration

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the pursuit of a goal is prevented

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Definition: Conflict

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two or more competing and incompatible goals occur

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Three general types of conflicts

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-Approach approach conflicts
-Avoidance-avoidance conflict
-Approach-avoidance conflict

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Approach-approach conflicts

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a choice must be made between two desirable goals. The least stressful type of conflict.

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Avoidance-avoidance conflict

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a choice must be made between two unattractive goals.

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Approach-avoidance conflict

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a choice must be made about how to achieve a goal which has both positive and negative attributes.

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Definition: Change

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any notable difference in one's life which requires adaptation. Both positive and negative life changes can be stressful.

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Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Scale

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Rank and point association for life changes.
Rank 1: Death of a spouse 100 points
Rank 41: Vacation 13 points

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Definition: Pressure

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expectations or demands that one behaves in a particular manner

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General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye)

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- All types of stressful situations lead to a similar stress response consisting of three stages.
-Alarm
-Resistance
-Exhaustion

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Definition: Alarm

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the body releases adrenal hormones, sympathetic nervous system is activated

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Definition: Resistance

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body is on "high alert"

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Definition: Exhaustion

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increased physiological vulnerability to stress

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Kanner studied

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also studied stress in terms of "daily hassles";the sum total of mundane life tasks combine to create significant levels of stress.

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Definition: coping

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what strategies you use to buffer against the stress cycle. Active efforts to master, reduce or accept the demands created by stress.

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Coping strategies

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constructive, adaptive and maladaptive

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Maladaptive coping strategies

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displaced aggression
catharsis
self indulgence

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Definition: displaced aggression

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harmful act to someone verbally or physically, who is not actually the true "object" of the hostility

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definition: catharsis

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release of emotional tension
-screaming, yelling punching pillows

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definition: self-indulgence

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compensate for deprived/frustrated feelings by trying to promote a feeling of satisfaction in another area

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Constructive or adaptive coping strategies

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healthy efforts to deal with a stressful event making one more resilient to the stressor(s).
-problem focused
-emotion focused
-optimism
-social supports
-sense of self efficacy

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definition: problem focused coping strategies

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how to change the situation

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definition: emotion focused coping strategies

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how to change perceptions/reactions to the situation.

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definition: optimism

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people with more positive outlooks handle stress better

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definition: social supports

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presence of social supports provide adaptive coping/release from pressures. Benefits of family dinners

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definition: sense of self efficacy

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modeling and utilizing the tools to respond to stressors which can reduce the overall feeling of being stressed.

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Post traumatic stress disorder

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enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event (war, car accident, tornado, abuse and chronic conditions now included)

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phillips et all 2004 study results

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-85% of the children note that it had shaken their feelings of safety and security
-common reaction reported by children were intrusive thoughts, nightmares and hyperarousal
-77% of parents reported concerns about their children's safety
-kids reported watching a lot of media, talked with parents

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Phillips et al study (results continued)

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-children who indicated they watched a lot of TV reported significantly more negative reactions
- parents who reported more negative reactions also noted greater negative reactions by their children. These children also identified significantly more negative reactions and stress.
- Active coping/relief efforts were not seen to significantly decrease anxiety; may be more stressed kids sought out ways to reduce stress; still recommended

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Langer and Rodin study

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maintaining a sense of control over one's life leads to greater psychological well being in the elderly

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Definition: personality

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a distinctive pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives and emotions that are consistent in an individual over time

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Definition: personality traits

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long term disposition to behave in particular ways in a variety of situations

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Cattel's theory of personality

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-studied traits using factor analysis
-developed the 16 personality factors questionnaire
-examples: reserved outgoing; relaxed tense; trusting-suspicious

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Mcrae and Costa 5 big personality traits

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open, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeable, neuroticism

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Open

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are open to novel experiences

(have narrow interests)

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Conscientiousness

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the degree to which youre responsible, are you someone who gets things done
(not impulsive and careless)

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extroversion

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are you someone who is outgoing and decisive, or someone who is more withdrawn? talkative or silent? afraid or secretive? sociable?

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agreeable

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good natured or irritable? jealous vs not jealous? mild vs headstrong? cooperative or negative?

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Neuroticism

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is stable and not a worrier vs tense and anxious

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Psychodynamic theory

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- Freud's psychoanalytic theory
-focus on the influences of early childhood
-emphasis on unconscious motives/conflicts
-primary focus on sexual and aggressive urges

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Freud's basic structures of personality: Id

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impulses/dominated by pleasure/avoid pain

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Freud's basic structures of personality: Ego

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"voice of reason", mediator of id/superego, helps find comprimises

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Freud's basic structures of personality: superego

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moral component of personality; rigid standards

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Sexuality stage: oral

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(brith to 1 year)
sucking, swallowing, biting
lasting concerns with dependence and independence; pleasure from eating, drinking, and other oral activities

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Sexual stage: anal stage

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(1 to 3 years)
expelling feces, retaining feces
Orderliness, stinginess, stubbornness

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Sexual stage: phallic stage

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(3 to 5/6 years)
Touching penis or clitoris; oedipus complex
Difficulty feeling closeness. Males: fear of castration
Females: penis envy

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Sexual stage: latency period

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(5 or 6 to puberty)
Sexual interests suppressed

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Sexual stage: Genital stage

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(puberty onward)
Sexual contact with other people

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Freud defense mechanisms

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responses to anxiety which are caused by internal conflicts; attempts to reduce distress of anxiety/guilt

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Examples of defense mechanisms

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displacement, rationalization, denial

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Carl Jung

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-Analtyical psychology
-Freudian influenced
-Personal Unconscious: material which one has repressed or forgotten from personal experiences
-Collective unconscious
-introvert/extrovert

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Definition: collective unconscious

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traces of inherited memories from one's ancestral past; archetypes or images and thoughts with universal meaning.

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Definition: introvert

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those preoccupied with the internal world of their own thoughts, feelings and experiences. more reclusive

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Definition: extrovert

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those interested in the external world of other people and things. more outgoing and friendly

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Adler- individual psychology

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-stresses the motivation for superiority
-universal attempt to improve oneself and master life's challenges
-inferiority complex: everyone must overcome feelings of weakness in comparison to competent adults/sibs

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Definition: compensation

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efforts to develop one's own abilities in response to inferiorities

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definition: overcompensation

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attempts to "conceal" one's own feelings of inferiority

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Reciprocal determinism: (bandura)

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-reinforcement history and cognition influence behavior
-we see what we expect to see
-we place ourselves in places which will confirm our beliefs

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definition: self efficacy

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belief one can set out to accomplish tasks/goals. Acquired from 4 sources

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4 sources of self efficacy

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-successful and competent role models
-positive feedback and encouragement
-awareness of feelings/manage responses
-mastery of new skills, overcome obstacles

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Internal locus of control:

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people believe they are responsible for what happens to them

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External locus of control:

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people believe their lives are controlled by luck, fate or other people.

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Mischel's person by situation interaction

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-people express particular traits in particular situations
-most likely to see consistency within these similar situations
-some traits are more situationally determined

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Humanistic Perspective

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-focus on the inner experiences of one's personality and development
-unique human qualities
-freedom and potential for human growth
-optimistic view of human nature: can control impulses, not based on irrational needs and conflicts

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

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a goal of humans is to be self-actualized; a basic hierarcy of needs exist. Innate drive towards personal growth. Often seen as a pyramid of needs.

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Carl Rogers

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Accepts the self- actualizing tendency; explores individuals who do and do not function well.
Looked at the relationship between the self and the person.

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Congruence

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when sense of self and the person are consistent it allows positive functioning

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Incongruence

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sense of self/ person in conflict

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Unconditional Positive regard

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attempt to resolve conflict; accept one may have acted badly and still be a good person; accepts one in a positive and accepting manner

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Sheldon: personality "types"

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Body types "somatotypes" linked with personality characteristics

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Endomorph

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round, soft body, few muscles, tolerant, calm, needs affection

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Mesomorph

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muscular, upright, firm, mature, adventurous, competitive, less empathetic

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ectomorph

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delicate, few muscles, shy, intoverted, self conscious

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Eysenck's Theory

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personality is determined by a large extent to one's genes

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extraversion

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being sociable, assertive and lively

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neuroticism

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anxious, tense, moody, low self esteem

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psychoticism

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egocentric, cold, impulsive

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Terror management theory

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explores our need to use self-esteem as a buffer against anxiety over our mortality.