Psych Exam 2

Front 1

Soma

Back 1

the cell body,contains the nucleus and keeps the cell alive and functioning-- shares properties w/ all other cells ; nucleus DNA

Front 2

Dendrites

Back 2

root like parts of the cell that stretch out from cell body (soma). They grow to make synaptic connections w/ other neurons

Front 3

Axon

Back 3

wire like structure ending in the terminal buttons that extends from cell body they conduct electrical signals down link ions (charged particles)

Front 4

Myelin sheath

Back 4

fatty covering around axon of some neurons that insulates, protects, and speeds up nuclear impulses

Front 5

Axon terminal

Back 5

vesicles: holds neurotransmitters, neurotransmitters go to receptors

Front 6

Axon hillock

Back 6

connects axon to cell body (soma) electrical firing know as an action potential usually occurs

Front 7

Synapse

Back 7

tiny gap between terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next neuron

Front 8

What are the different divisions of the nervous system?

Back 8

Central and Peripheral

Front 9

What response is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 9

Fight or flight- prepares the body to react and expand energy in times of stress. Everything stops working to preserve energy needed to get away

Front 10

Spinal cord

Back 10

carries messages to and from the body to the brain then is responsible for very fast life saving reflective

Front 11

Brain stem

Back 11

is at the bottom of the brain, consists of the (medulla, pons, midbrain,) reticular formation, cerebellum. Responsible for basic vital life functions; breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure. reflexes, voluntary postural and sleeping

Front 12

Thalamus

Back 12

part of the limbic system, located in the center of the brain on top of brain stem responsible for receiving the sensory signals coming up the spinalcord and sending them to the appropriate areas

Front 13

Basal ganglia

Back 13

cell bodies, controls deliberate movements in CNS responsible for motor movements.–this is a misnomer because CNS cell bodies are called nucleus and cell bodies in PNS are called ganglion

Front 14

Cerebellum

Back 14

located back of brain stem controls movement of limb

Front 15

Limbic system

Back 15

responsible for drive related behaviors, found not entirely true b.c. 2 structures needed for drive/emotional related behaviors contains: thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus.

Front 16

Hypothalamus

Back 16

located below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland, the hypothalamus regulates body temperature, sleeping and waking, sexual activity, thirst, hunger, and emotions

Front 17

Corpus callosum

Back 17

Hard body--Group of axons that connects the left and right hemisphere. All interactions that take place between the two hemispheres goes through the corpus callosum

Front 18

Neuron

Back 18

the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and that sends and receives messages within the system. It includes- dendrites, soma, axon

Front 19

neurotransmitters

Back 19

chemical found in synaptic vesicles, that when released has an effect on the next cell

Front 20

What are the different types of neurotransmitters?

Back 20

Acetylcholine- an excitatory neurotransmitter, found at the synapse between neurons and muscle cells. It stimulates muscles to contract. Also invovled in memory. Lack of acetylcholine= paralysis. Too much = convulsions.
Gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA)- an inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain, helps calm anxiety is involved in sleep.
Serotonin- can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on its location in brain area. its associated w/ sleep, mood, appetite. Too little = depression
Dopamine- involved in control of movements and sensations of please. Too little = parkinsons
too much = schizophrenia
Endorphins- pain-controlling chemicals naturally produced by body.

Front 21

Central Nervous System

Back 21

housed in the skull and spine controls network for the entire body. Consists of brain and spinal cord. Contains 3 basic types of neurons (sensory, motor, Interneurons)

Front 22

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 22

(nerves on the edge) allows the brain and spinal cord to communicate with sensory organs (ears, eyes, skin, mouth) and control muscles & glands.
PNS divided into 2 major systems: Somatic and Autonomic

Front 23

Somatic Nervous System

Back 23

division of Peripheral NS. Made up of the nerves that carry info from senses to the CNS and from the CNS to voluntary muscles of body. (contains sensory neurons- carry messages from sensory organs to CNS and motor neurons- carry messages from CNS to voluntary muscles)

Front 24

Brain Stem

Back 24

at the botton of brain consits of 4 main areas: Medulla, Pons, Tetricular formation, Cerebellum

Front 25

Limbic System

Back 25

located under the cortex of brain, above brain stem. involved in learning, emotions, motivation. composed of Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala.

Front 26

Transduction

Back 26

in the sensory system contains receptors-which are neurons that are devoted to picking up signals from the environment. Transductions pick up environmental energy and translate or convert it to normal means to ther nervous system

Front 27

spatial neglect

Back 27

A condition produced by damage to the association area of the right hemisphere resulting in an inability to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field

Front 28

Left side of brain

Back 28

language, speech, handwriting, calculation, sense of time and rhythm

Front 29

Right side of brain

Back 29

perception, visualization, spatial perception, recognition of patters, faces, emotions, melodies, and expression of emotion

Front 30

Cornea

Back 30

clear covering of eye

Front 31

aqueous humor

Back 31

chamber with water like liquid flowing through it, behind cornea

Front 32

iris

Back 32

color part of eye- it's a muscles. Tighten( far awa) and bends (up close)

Front 33

Vitreous Humor

Back 33

chamber, blood like fluid, helps eye keep its shape

Front 34

Retina

Back 34

nervous system, light sensitive area at back of eye contains Rods and Cones

Front 35

What 2 types of receptors are found in retina?

Back 35

rods and cones

Front 36

rods

Back 36

visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsbile for non-color sensitivity to low levels of light

Front 37

cones

Back 37

visual sensory receptors found at he back of the retina, responsible for color vision and sharpness of vison

Front 38

What other types of neurons exist on the retina

Back 38

ganglion cells and bipolar cells

Front 39

trichromatic theory

Back 39

proposes that there are 3 types of cones red, blue and green. the specific cone color receives light and sends/fires the message to the brain. The cone combination and the rate of sending determine the colors that the brain perceives

Front 40

opponent-process theory

Back 40

states there are 4 colors, red, green, blue & yellow. Cones are paired (red, green) (blue, yellow) (white,black). when one cone in a pair is stimulated the other cone can't work. this theory explains the occurence of an afterimage

Front 41

Pinna

Back 41

outer ear visible part that funnels sound waves

Front 42

eardrum

Back 42

thin section of skin that tightly covers the opening to the middle ear. when sound waves hit the eardrum, it vibrates and causes bone in the middle ear to vibrate

Front 43

three tiny bones in the middle of ear that make up the auditory ossicles

Back 43

hammer, anvil, stirrup

Front 44

cochlea

Back 44

snail shaped structure translates sounds into nerve impulses

Front 45

organ of Corti

Back 45

a structure composed of hair-like cells that sends signals to the structure composed of hair-like cells that send signals to the auditory cortex of the brain by means of the auditory nerve

Front 46

three somesthetic sense systems

Back 46

skin sense (touch, pressure, temperature, and pain) kinestetic sense (deals with location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other) Vestibular sense ( deals with movement and body position)

Front 47

proprioceptors

Back 47

located in the skin are part of the body's kinesthetic sense of its position in space

Front 48

otolith organs

Back 48

contains tiny crystals and , when you move your head, the crystals cause the fluid to vibrate. The vibrations send a message to the brain that you are moving.

Front 49

Semicircular canals

Back 49

thin tubes in the inner ear that are filled with fluid. The fluid moves and presses on hair-like receptors whenever the head rotates, these hairs translate movement to nerve messages and tells the body how to stay balanced

Front 50

Just noticeable difference (or the difference threshold)

Back 50

The smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50% of the time. calculates the smallest detectable change in the stimulus

Front 51

Absolute threshold

Back 51

the smallest amount of energy needed for a person to consciously detect a stimulus 50% of the time it is present

Front 52

Subliminal stimuli

Back 52

stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness

Front 53

Encoding

Back 53

the set of mental operations that people perfom on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brians storage system (short term--> long term)

Front 54

models proposed to explain how memory works

Back 54

information-processing model.
Levels-of-processing model.
parallel-distributed processing model.

Front 55

Sensory memory

Back 55

the very first stage of memory, the point at which info enters the nervous system through the sensory system

Front 56

selective attention

Back 56

the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

Front 57

Kinds of Sensory Memory

Back 57

Iconic memory - lasts for .25 sec and is visual representation of info in neural form.
Echoic memory- an auditory representation of information and last for up to 4 sec

Front 58

2 types of Long-Term Memory are..?

Back 58

Procedural memory (implicit memory) - skill, habits, conditioned response. and Declarative memory (explicit memory)- general knowledge general facts and personal experiences. Declarative has 2 parts (semantic & episodic memory)

Front 59

retrieval cue

Back 59

a stimulus for remembering (play house made her remember 8th bday)

Front 60

encoding specificity

Back 60

tendency for memory of information to be improved if related to other information (cotton candy--first amusement park)

Front 61

serial position

Back 61

tendency to able to remember the begin and end but not so much the middle of the body of information

Front 62

primacy effect

Back 62

remember info from beginning

Front 63

recency effect

Back 63

remembering the end of something

Front 64

Flashbulb Memories

Back 64

type of automatic encoding that occurs becuase an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it

Front 65

automatically encoded

Back 65

tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding

Front 66

false positive

Back 66

error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory