Psych Exam 2

Front 1

consciousness

Back 1

a persons awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment.

Front 2

waking consciousness

Back 2

state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized and the person feels alert.

Front 3

altered state of consciousness

Back 3

state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking conscious.

Front 4

circadian rhythm

Back 4

a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period.

Front 5

microsleeps

Back 5

brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds.

Front 6

sleep deprivation

Back 6

any significant loss of sleep resulting in problems in concentration & irritability

Front 7

adaptive theory

Back 7

theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active

Front 8

restorative theory

Back 8

theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage

Front 9

how much sleep do people need?

Back 9

most need about 7-8 hours

Front 10

REM

Back 10

rapid eye movement. stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream

Front 11

NREM

Back 11

non-REM sleep. any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM.

Front 12

beta waves

Back 12

type of waves when a person is wide awake and mentally active.

Front 13

alpha waves

Back 13

brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep

Front 14

theta waves

Back 14

brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep

Front 15

sleep spindles

Back 15

brief bursts of activity only lasting a second or 2

Front 16

delta waves

Back 16

long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep

Front 17

REM paralysis

Back 17

the inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep

Front 18

REM rebound

Back 18

increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights

Front 19

Manifest Content of a dream

Back 19

the actual dream itself

Front 20

Latent content of a dream

Back 20

true meaning of the dream

Front 21

activation-synthesis hypothesis

Back 21

explanation that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stems of cortical cells during REM sleep periods.

Front 22

activation-information-mode model (AIM)

Back 22

revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence of the synthesis of dreams. (uses meaningful 'bits' when making a dream)

Front 23

physical dependence

Back 23

condition occuring when a persons body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug

Front 24

withdrawal

Back 24

physical symptoms that can include nausea pain temors crankiness and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems.

Front 25

psychological dependence

Back 25

the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being

Front 26

stimulants

Back 26

drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system.

Front 27

depressants

Back 27

drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system

Front 28

narcotics

Back 28

class of opium related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous systems natural receptor sites for endorphins.

Front 29

hallucinogens

Back 29

drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxations.

Front 30

opium

Back 30

substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived

Front 31

morphine

Back 31

narcotic drug derived from opium used to treat severe pain

Front 32

heroin

Back 32

narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive

Front 33

hallucinogens

Back 33

drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality.

Front 34

LSD

Back 34

powerful synthetic hallucinogen

Front 35

PCP

Back 35

synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant depressant narcotic or hallucinogenic effects.

Front 36

MDMA ecstasy

Back 36

designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects

Front 37

stimulatory hallucinogenics

Back 37

drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects

Front 38

mescaline

Back 38

natural hallucinogen deriived from the peyote cactus buttons

Front 39

psilocybin

Back 39

natural hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms

Front 40

marijuana

Back 40

mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers from a particular type of hemp plant

Front 41

Stages of sleep

Back 41

stage one-light sleep
stage 2-sleep indicated by presence of sleep spindles.
stage 3- first appearance of delta waves
stage 4-predominantly delta waves, body is lowest level of functioning

Front 42

stage 4 of sleep

Back 42

sleepwalking & sleep talking occur in this stage

Front 43

3 naturally occuring halogens

Back 43

mescaline, psilocybin, and marijuana

Front 44

classical conditioning

Back 44

learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex.

Front 45

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Back 45

a naturally occuring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response. (food in pavlov dogs)

Front 46

unconditioned response (UCR)

Back 46

an involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally ocurring or unconditioned stimulus. (salivation in Pavlovs dogs)

Front 47

neutral stimulus (NS)

Back 47

stimulus that has no effect on the desired response (dish)

Front 48

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 48

stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus.

Front 49

Conditioned response (CR)

Back 49

learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus.

Front 50

acquisition

Back 50

the repeated pairing of the NS and UCS (bell-> food)

Front 51

stimulus generaliation

Back 51

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

Front 52

stimulus discrimination

Back 52

the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus bc the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Front 53

extinction

Back 53

the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or abscence of the unconditioned stimulus or removal of reinforcer

Front 54

reinforcer

Back 54

any event or object that when following a response, increases the likelihood of that response occurring again

Front 55

spontaneous recovery

Back 55

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occured

Front 56

higher order conditioning

Back 56

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causeing the neutral stimulus to become a second condtioned stimulus

Front 57

conditioned emotional response

Back 57

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person.

Front 58

vicarious conditioning

Back 58

classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

Front 59

condtioned taste aversion

Back 59

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste, occurring after only one association

Front 60

biological preparedness

Back 60

referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea with only one or few pairings due to one learning

Front 61

stimulus substitution

Back 61

original theory in which pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute by being paired closely together

Front 62

cognitive perspective

Back 62

modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an *expectancy* about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

Front 63

operant conditioning

Back 63

the learning of voluntary behavior thru the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.

Front 64

Law of effect

Back 64

law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated

Front 65

operant

Back 65

any behavior that is voluntary

Front 66

reinforcement

Back 66

any event or stimulus that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

Front 67

primary reinforcer

Back 67

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need such a s hunger, thirst, touch

Front 68

secondary reinforcer

Back 68

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer such as praise, tokens or gold stars (money to then buy candy)

Front 69

positive reinforcement

Back 69

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

Front 70

negative reinforcemnent

Back 70

the reinforecemnt of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Front 71

punishment

Back 71

any event or object that when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

Front 72

punishment by application

Back 72

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

Front 73

punishment by removal

Back 73

the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

Front 74

positive reinforcement

Back 74

the reinforecment of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus (reward)

Front 75

negative reinforcement

Back 75

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus (avoiding a ticket by stopping)

Front 76

punishment

Back 76

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

Front 77

punishment by application

Back 77

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus (spanking)

Front 78

punishment by removal

Back 78

punishment by removing a pleasurable stimulus (grounding, time out)

Front 79

partial reinforcement effect

Back 79

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses will be more resistant to extinction

Front 80

continuous reinforcement

Back 80

the reinforcement of each and every correct response

Front 81

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Back 81

reinforcer is recieved after a certain fixed interval of time has passed

Front 82

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Back 82

the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is diff each time

Front 83

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Back 83

the number of responses required to receive each reinforcer will always be the same number

Front 84

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

Back 84

the number of responses required for reinforcement is diff in each trial

Front 85

behavior modification

Back 85

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

Front 86

token economy

Back 86

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

Front 87

applied behavior anaysis (ABA)

Back 87

behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior

Front 88

biofeedback

Back 88

using of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as BP and relaxation under voluntary control

Front 89

neurofeedback

Back 89

form of biofeedback using brain scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

Front 90

learned helplessness

Back 90

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures

Front 91

observational learning

Back 91

learning new behavior by watch a model perform that behavior

Front 92

learning/performance distinction

Back 92

learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior.