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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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acetylcholine and voluntary muscles |
chemical messenger released by nerve cells that controls voluntary muscles |
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reputake |
neurotransmitters is transported back to sending neuron for recycling |
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synaptic vesicle |
stores various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse |
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parallel processing |
can process several features at the same time |
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synaptic cleft |
tiny gap that exists between neurons |
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synaptic gap |
space in-between cell membrane and target cell |
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synapse |
structure that permits a neuron to pass a signal |
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feature detectors |
neurons that respond to specific features of a stimuli |
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parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and dopamine |
partisans-- too little dopamine schizophrenia-- too much dopamine |
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L-dopa and parkinson's disease |
L dopa can synthesize past the cell membrane agonist |
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cocaine and dopamine |
cocaine blocks the reputake of dopamine making it an agonist of dopamine |
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prozac and seratonin |
prozac blocks the reputake of seratonin |
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Endorphins |
group of hormones secreted with in the brain and nervous system --- activate the body's receptors |
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naloxone |
synthetic drug that blocks receptors in the nervous system |
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peripheral nervous system |
carries messages to and form the central nervous system |
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somatic nervous system |
system that control skeletal system and muscles |
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autonomic nervous system |
system that controls the inner organs and muscles and glands |
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sympathic nervous system |
increases heart rate and is the fight or flight system |
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parasympathetic nervous system |
calming system and slows heart rate |
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James - Lange Theory |
the response happens before you feel the stimuli |
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Cannon - Bard Theory |
the response and feeling of emotion happens at the same time |
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shatter - stinger theory |
www label physiological responses as different emotions depending on the situation |
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modern synthesis |
reaction, experience, and situation interact to produce emotion |
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floaters |
particles of material that produce shadows on the retina |
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blind spot |
places where our eyes fill in the missing peices---where optic nerves exist |
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Young Helmliotz trichromatic theory |
we see three colors (red, blue, green) |
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color vision opponent process theory |
the three colors we see work against each other to produce different colors we see |
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sensation |
detecting energy from the environment and encoding its neural signals -- raw info |
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neurotransmitter |
chemical messengers that travel across the synaptic gap of neurons-- only react with certain receptors |
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eye |
cornea- transparent outer covering lens- focuses light iris-ring of muscle fovea- provides clear vision pupil- light goes through and controls size based on emotion and light retina- light sensitive inner surface that contains receptors to vision |
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rods v. cones |
rods: more of them, work better in the dim light, black and white cones: detect color and fine details |
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transduction |
transfer from one energy source to another -- energizes into neural signals |
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perception |
organization, processing, and interpreting of sensations -- adds meaning to our sensations |
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curare |
antagonist for acetychlorine that blocks it receptors-- neurons die in althiezer's disease |
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psychophysics |
comparing the emotions being experienced to the responses to them |
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top down processing |
info processing guided by higher level mental processes |
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agonnists |
encourages or helps the action transmission |
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antagonists |
inhibits the action transmission |
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main visual pathway |
retina - optical nerve - thalamus - optical hole |
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limbic system |
emotion, memory, and motivation -- primary thought to only be rage and fear but discovered for positive emotions too |
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hippocampus |
consolidating memory -- transfer into permanent storage |
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why is the cerebral cortex convoluted? |
allows for bigger surface area |
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corpus callosum |
biggest band of connecting tissue -- beneath the cortex and connects the left and right hemispheres |
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occipital lobe |
primary visual cortex |
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parietal lobe |
sensory cortex-- R processes L and L processes R |
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frontal lobe |
initiates movement and finer control boca - L hemisphere and speech prefrontal - personality, motivation, executive function |
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temporal lobe |
primary auditory complex - comprehension speech |
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wernick's aphasia |
articulate but poor comparehension, repetitive, but doesn't make much sense |
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broca's aphasia |
trouble speaking |
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split brain operation |
see whats on the L but say whats on the R 2 hemispheres are isolated by cutting their connecting fibers - used to stop seizures |
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hemisphere for language? |
Left and R is for solving word problems |
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Functions of L hemisphere |
language, logic, and math |
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Functions of R hemisphere |
creative, soatital, music, and visual recgonition |
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Phineas Gage |
object in his frontal lobe and began having an effect on his personality |
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H.M. |
memory disorder |
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neural networks |
computational approach which is based on a large collection of neural units loosely modeling the way the brain solves problems |
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handedness |
better, faster, and more precise performance or visual preference for use of a hand (dominate hand) expressed by saying strong left or strong right |
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endocrine system |
collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development |
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hormones |
chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood which carries them to organs and tissues to preform their function |
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endocrine glands |
glands of the endocrine system that secret their products, hormones directly into the floods rather than through a duct |
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pituary gland |
major endocrine gland attached to the bottom of the brain, controls growth and development and functioning of other endocrine glands |
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bottom up processing |
analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory info |
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absolute threshold |
minimum threshold needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time |
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difference threshold |
smallest amount by which 2 sensory stimuli can differ in order for an individual to perceive them as different |
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weber's law |
quantifying the perception of change in a given stimulus |
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signal detection theory |
attempts to predict how and when the presence of faint stimulus is detected against background noise |
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catch trial |
trials in which the stimulus is NOT presesnted |
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hit |
when the signal is there and detected |
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miss |
when signal is there but not detected |
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correct regection |
signal not present and not detected |
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false alarm |
signal not there and deteced |
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cerebral spinal fluid system |
nourishes and cushions the brain -- passes through the ventricles in the brain |
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blood brain barrier |
semipermeable system that prevents some chemicals from passing into the brain capillaries tightly packed |
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brain research methods |
clinical observations manipulate brain animals destroy parts of the brain electrical stimulation record electrical activity neuroimaging techniques CT (structure but no activity), PET (activity), MRI (structure but no activity), fMRI (activity) |
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thalamus |
sends sensory info to higher levels of the brain except smell |
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subliminal stimulaiton |
perceive something below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness weak and short lived backwards messages not effective |
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central nervous system |
brain and spinal cord protects skull and backbone |
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visual system |
most studied is light amplitude- brightness and heat of wave wave length- distance and color |
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hypothalmus |
controls pituitary gland hunger, thirst, body temp |
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medulla |
heartbeat and breathing |
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reticular formation |
relays info to upper brain wakefulness and arrousal |
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cerebellum |
voluntary movement |
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sensory adaptation |
change overtime in responsiveness of the sensory system to a constant stimulus |
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receptor |
protein molecules that interact only with specific neurotransmitters |
