Psych Exam 2

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Developmental Psych

Back 1

study of physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout human life cycle.

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Rooting Reflex*

Back 2

Instinctive tendency to search for nipple. (Touching a baby's cheek causes them to turn and "root" for a nipple.)

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Maturation*

Back 3

Orderly sequence of genetically designed biological growth processes. (Standing before walking, nouns before adjectives.) Deprivation/abuse stunts maturation, whereas interaction helps to sculpt. Growth tendencies inborn, but adjusted by experience.

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Schema*

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A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. "Mental molds into which we pour our experiences." Adjusted by assimilation and accommodation.

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Assimilation*

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Interpreting new experiences in terms of one's existing schemas. "Make a comparison." -All 4 legged furry animals "doggies."

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Accommodation*

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adapting current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new info. Expanding on something known. (biting, using tongue.) Easier for children to assimilate than accommodate.

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Cognition*

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all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

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Sensorimotor Stage* (Piaget)

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Birth - nearly 2 years. Experiencing world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing, grasping). Developmental Phenomena = Object permanence (awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived), stranger anxiety (think when care-giver leaves, no longer exists. Why they cling).

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Preoperational Stage* (Piaget)

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2-6,7 years. Representing things with words and images; use intuitive rather than logical reasoning. Child learns to use language, but does not comprehend mental operations of concrete logic. DP = Pretend play, egocentrism (difficulty in taking another's pov), language dvlpmt.

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Theory of Mind*

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Ability to infer other's' mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behavior these might predict.

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Concrete Operational Stage* (Piaget)

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6,7-11 years. Children gain mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. Grasping concert analogies and performing arithmetical operations. DP = Conservation (properties remain same despite changes in form), mathematical transformations.

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Formal Operational Stage* (Piaget)

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Age 12. People begin to think logically about abstract concepts. DP = Potential for mature moral reasoning, abstract logic.

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Attachment*

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emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

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Critical Period*

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Optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper dvlpmt.

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Imprinting

Back 15

process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

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Imprinting

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Process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

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Adolescence

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transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

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Preconventional Morality* (Kohlberg)

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Before age 9, morality of self interest. Obey either to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards. (Aware of society's rules, there is RIGHT and WRONG.)

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Conventional Morality* (Kohlberg)

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Early adolescence. Cares for others and upholds laws and social rules simply because they are laws. Society has laws in place. Regardless of punishment, even if minimal, must follow them.

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Postconventional Morality* (Kohlberg)

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Abstract reasoning of formal operational thought. Affirms people's agreed upon rights or follows what one personally perceives basic ethical principles.

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Crystallized intelligence*

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accumulated knowledge as reflected in vocabulary and analogies test. INCREASES with age. Older and wiser.

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Fluid intelligence*

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ability to reason speedily and abstractly. Begins decreasing around age 40. Difficult to retrieve info.

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Circadian Rhythm*

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biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (temp. and wakefulness occur on 24 hour cycle).

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Suprachiasmatic nucleus*

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pair of pinhead-sized clusters of 20,000 cells that control the circadian clock. Light strikes retina, causes SN to alter production of melatonin.

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Sleep stages*

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Stages 1 through REM. 3 and 4 shorten after first hour, eventually skip 4 completely, REM lengthens.

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REM Sleep*

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Rapid eye movement. Low frequency, high amplitude waves. Dream in this stage. Muscles relaxed while all other body systems active. (Internally aroused, externally calm.)

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Narcolepsy*

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Period, overwhelming sleepiness. May lapse directly into REM. Due to lack of hypocretin.

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Sleep Apnea*

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sleep disorder. Characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. Stop breathing, decreased blood oxygen arouses them to awaken, do not remember in the morning.

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Parasomnia*

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Catchall. Enuresis (bedwetting), sleep walking, night terrors (stage 4).

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Hypersomnia*

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Excessive daytime sleepiness. Narcolepsy. CAN be caused by cataplexy - loss of muscle control linked w/cerebellum.

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Manifest Content*

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Freud calls this storyline of our dreams. Incorporates traces of previous days' experiences and preoccupations. *After suffering trauma, ppl commonly report nightmares.

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Latent Content*

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A dream's manifest, or apparent, content is a censored, symbolic version of its latent content (unconscious drives and wishes that would be threatening to express directly.) Freud argued that by fulfilling wishes, a dream provides a psychic safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings. EROTIC WISHES

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REM Rebound

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We need REM. Returning to REM after repeatedly being deprived of it. Withdrawing REM-suppressing sleeping medications increases REM sleep.

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Psychoactive Drugs

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Chemicals that change perceptions and moods.

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Tolerance*

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Diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing effect. *Neuroadaptation - brain adapts chemistry to offset drug effects.

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Withdrawal*

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Discomfort and distress that following discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.

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Addiction*

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compulsive drug craving and use. Withdrawal can cause aches, nausea, distress.

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Depressants*

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Drugs such as alcohol, barbituates, and opiates that cal neural activity and slow body functions.

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Barbituate*

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DEPRESSANT (Tranquilizers) Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement. Induce sleep, relieve anxiety, sometimes reduce seizures.

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Opiates*

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DEPRESSANT. Morphine, heroin, opium. Reduce pain receptor, reduce pain. Stops production of endorphins because flooded with artificial ones. If withdrawn, brain lacks the normal level of these painkilling neurotrans. Stops production of epinephrine.

Front 41

Stimulants*

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Drugs (caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. Cause pupils to dilate, appetite to diminish (blood sugar increases) and energy/self confidence to rise.

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Amphetamines

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Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine.

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Methamphetamines

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"Speed" - more severe than amphetamines.

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Hallucinogens*

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"Mind-manifesting" drugs, such as LSD and MDMA (Ecstasy), that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

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Ecstasy*

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MDMA. Major effect is to release stored serotonin and to BLOCK its reabsorption, thus prolonging serotonin's feel-good flood.

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Near-death Experience*

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An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations. Increased brain stimulation/hallucinatory activity of the brain. Oxygen dep turns off the brain's inhibitory cells, neural activity increases in the visual cortex - result is a growing patch of light, looks as a tunnel.

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Monists*

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Brain creates you. Deny separation of body and mind. Believe they are different aspects of the same thing.

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Dualists*

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Presume mind and body are two distinct entities that interact.

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Stress*

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Process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

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General Adaptation Syndrome*

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Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages - alarm, resistance, exhaustion. Alarm (due to activation of sympathetic nervous system) Resistance (ready to act, flooded with hormones, etc.) exhaustion (deplete body's reserves)

Front 51

Psychophysiological Illness*

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"mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.