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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define emotion.
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A complex psychological state that serves many functions
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What are 3 components of emotion?
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Subjective experience
Physiological experience Behavioral/expressive experience |
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Name 3 functions of emotion.
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Move us to act
Help us set goals Help us make decisions |
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How has our ability to experience emotions helped us to survive?
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Allows us to communicate
Drives us in the right direction (away from danger, toward rewards) Motivates us to do certain things |
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What are 2 ways/dimensions that people can vary in their emotional experience?
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Amount of activation (intensity)
Valence (positive or negative) |
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Name the 6 basic emotions.
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Fear, surprise, disgust, happiness, sadness, anger.
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What are display rules?
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Social and cultural rules that regulate emotional expression.
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Who determined that facial expressions are universal and innate?
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Paul Ekman
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What differ by culture?
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Gestures and display rules
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Where is brain activity found during happiness? During sadness?
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Prefrontal cortex, limbic system
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Damage to the amygdala can result in what regarding fear?
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inability to recognize/react to fear in facial expression and voice
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What role does the amygdala play in fear?
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evaluates the significance of the stimuli and generates emotional responses
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What, regarding sensation, is transduction?
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the conversion of physical energy into a neural signal for comm. with the brain
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What is the difference in the absolute and difference thresholds?
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Absolute- smallest possible stimulus that can be detected half of the time
Difference- smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected half of the time |
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What tells us the size of the jnd?
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Weber's Law- size of jnd is of constant proportion to the initial stimulus
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What part of the eye performs accommodation?
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the lens
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Where in the eye does information processing begin?
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the retina
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To where do the rods and cones send their information?
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bipolar and ganglion cells
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What is the fovea?
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the region where most of the cones are concentrated- the point of central focus
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Describe the process of vision.
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Light passes through the cornea and through the pupil, where the amount entering the eye is restricted by the function of the iris. The light then hits the lens, which accommodates and changes shape. Bipolar cells collect info from rods and cones and sends it to the ganglion cells, which exit through the optic nerve and cross at the optic chiasm. This goes to the thalamus, where form, color, brightness, and depth are processed-->midbrain-->visual cortex-->signals are detected by neurons there--> communicates with frontal lobe to recognize.
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3 properties of light waves are...
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hue, saturation, and brightness
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What are 2 theories of colors? Explain each.
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The Trichromatic Theory says that the sensation of color results from cones sensitive to either red, green, or blue light. The Opponent-Process Theory says that color vision results from 3 opposing pairs of color receptors, and while one is reflected, the other is inhibited.
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What is the receptor involved with the sense of touch?
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Pacinian corpuscle
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What does the "gate control theory" say?
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sensation of pain is controlled by gates that open and close in the spinal cord (gate open = pain, gate closed = no pain)
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What neurotransmitter is involved in the transmission of pain messages to the brain?
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Substance P
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What are 2 types of senses regarding movement, position, and balance?
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kinesthetic sense (location of body parts) and vestibular sense (sense of balance)
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______are sensory receptors that provide information about body position and movement.
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proprioreceptors
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What 2 structures account for your balance?
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semicircular canals and vestibular sacs
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What do the Gestalt Psychologists say?
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"the whole is better than the sum of the parts"
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What are two types of perceptual processing?
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top-down: using your knowledge to interpret new information
"bottom-up: moving from the individual pieces to the whole (jigsaw puzzle) |
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Name the 5 Gestalt Grouping Principles.
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similarity, closure, good continuation, proximity, and law of simplicity
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What is another name for the law of simplicity?
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Law of Pragnanz
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What is a cue?
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A stimulus characteristic that influences our perception
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Name some monocular cues.
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Relative size, overlap, aerial perspective, texture gradient, linear perspective, motion parallax
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Name some binocular cues.
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Convergence, binocular disparity (pencil thing)
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What are 3 types of motion perception?
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induced motion, auditory cues, and stroboscopic motion
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What are 3 perceptual constancies?
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brightness, size, and shape
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What are 3 perceptual illusions?
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Moon Illusion, Muller-Lyer Illusion (length of 2 lines) and Perceptual Set expectancies
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What's the definition of Intelligence?
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global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment
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____ said that intelligence is a general ability and this can be expressed as 1 number (G factor).
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Spearman
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____ said that intelligence is a cluster of abilities, and someone can be high on some and low on others.
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Thurstone
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____ said that there are multiple "intelligences." Name 8.
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Gardner- Musical, spacial, bodily/kinesthetic, logical, linguistic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic
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____ said there is a Triarchic theory of intelligence. What are the 3 parts?
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Sternberg- analytical, creative, and practical
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What was the function of the Binet-Simon test? How did he determine this?
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to determine which kids need extra help in schools- mental age
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How is IQ determined?
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Mental age / physical age * 100
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What is the most common intelligence test for adults? What does it measure? How are scores determined?
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WAIS- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- measures different abilities of individuals- scores are compared with others in age group
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What are 3 important features of good tests?
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Standardization, Reliability (test-retest and split-half), and Validity
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For standardization, what kind of results should be produced?
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norms, or normal curve and standard scores
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Who has a theory about The Stereotype Threat regarding tests? What was their experiment?
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Claude Steele, 1997- intelligence tests for blacks and whites
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Who conducted research using male and female examinees and had them do a math test?
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Spencer, Steele, Quinn, 1999
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What are 3 basic characteristics of motivation?
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activation, persistence, intensity
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What are 5 different theories about motivation? Briefly describe each.
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Instinct theory (motives are innate and evolutionary- James' Instincts), Drive Theory (desire to reduce internal tension), Incentive Theory (behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals), Arousal Theory (motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal), and Humanistic Theory (psychological and cognitive values are important motivators)
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Who made the hierarchy of needs? Name the levels.
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Abraham Maslow
Physiological Safety Love/Belonging Esteem Self-Actualization |
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What controls blood levels of glucose?
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insulin
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___ E balance makes you gain weight, while a ___ E balance makes you lose weight.
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Positive, negative
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What physiological factors occur before it's time to eat?
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Blood insulin increases, glucose levels decrease, body T increases, and metabolism decreases
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What hormone is produced when stomach muscles are stretched?
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CCK
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What is it called when you get tired of eating the same food?
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sensory specific satiety
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High levels vs. low levels of leptin mean what?
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High- body fat decreases and food intake decreases
Low- food intake increases and body fat increases |
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What are 2 theories about our weight?
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Set-Point theory and Settling Point Theory
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What does sleep have to do with weight gain?
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Our bodies cannot produce enough leptin when we lack sleep, so we get hungry more and thus gain more weight.
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Name 4 factors that can contribute to obesity.
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Positive reward value, super-size-it syndrome, snacking, cafeteria diet, BMR decreases with age, sedentary lifestyles, etc.
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What are 3 possible reasons people could develop eating disorders?
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Genetic reasons
Lack of serotonin Malfunction of CCK production- satiety |
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Who has a theory about operant conditioning?
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B.F. Skinner
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What is the definition of operant conditioning?
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Involves learning active, voluntary behaviors that are maintained by consequences
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What does the law of effect say?
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responses producing a satisfying effect are likely to occur, and rsponses producing a negative effect are less likely to occur
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What is an operant?
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a voluntary response that acts on the environment to produce consequences
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What does operant conditioning propose?
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behavior is shaped and maintained by consequences
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What are 3 examples of early operant conditioning (before Skinner)?
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Thorndike's Puzzle Boxes, Performance in puzzle box, and the Law of Effect
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What increases the likelihood of a particular response?
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reinforcement
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An example of operant conditioning is banging on a Coke machine and the Coke comes out. What is the operant, and what is the reinforcer?
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operant- banging on the machine
reinforcer- Coke coming out |
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What is positive reinforcement?
What is negative reinforcement? |
Adding a reinforcing stimulus
Removing an aversive stimulus |
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Give an example of a positive and negative reinforcement.
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positive- Giving a good grade for a good test.
negative- Taking off an itchy sweater. |
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What are 2 types of reinforcers? Give an example of each.
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Primary- innate reward- food, water, sexual contact
Conditioned- learned value- money, good grades, social status, etc. |
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Selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a behavior until the correct behavior is displayed is called ______.
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shaping
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Does continuous or partial reinforcement have faster effects? Does continuous or partial reinforcement result in extinction more quickly?
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faster = continuous
quicker extinction = continuous |
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What does partial reinforcement mean?
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only some of the correct responses/actions are rewarded
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What are 2 different schedules of reinforcement? Define each.
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ratio and interval
ratio - based on the number of responses emitted interval - based on time passed |
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What is a fixed ratio? Variable ratio?
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fixed- reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of correct responses has occurred
variable- reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses has occurred |
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What is a fixed interval? Variable interval?
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fixed- reinforces responses only after a specified time has elapsed
variable- reinforces responses after unpredictable time intervals |
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Punishment leads to _______, whereas reinforcement leads to ______.
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decrease in behavior, increase in behavior
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Ratio schedules of reinforcement have the (highest/lowest) response rate. Variable schedules are (least/most) resistant to extinction.
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highest, most
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What is positive punishment? Negative punishment? Give examples of each.
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Positive- addition of an averse stimulus (e.g. falling down when not paying attn)
Negative- punishment by removal of a reinforcing stimulus (e.g. time out) |
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Name 4 problems with punishment.
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1. Less effective than reinforcement
2. Doesn't teach alternative behaviors 3. Likely to be temporary/short-lived 4. May model aggression |
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What is a discriminative stimulus?
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an environmental cue that tells us when a particular response is likely to be reinforced (e.g. police lights)
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Observational learning says that our ______ ______ are actively constructive.
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cognitive processes (alone)
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The Bobo doll experiment was done by ______, and it proves that ______________ and ____________.
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Albert Bandura
1. Reinforcement is not essential for learning to occur 2. Kids pick up behavior from adults |
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List 4 cognitive processes involved in imitation (e.g. Bobo doll experiment).
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Kids must:
Pay attention to the adults' behavior Remember the adults' behavior Be able to physically reproduce it Be motivated to imitate the adult |
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How do biological predispositions effect operant responses? Give an example.
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We have an instinctive drift to perform naturally occurring behaviors, which can interfere with operant responses (e.g. baseball chickens, that run after the ball because it's round and white).
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What does learning produce?
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an enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience
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What is conditioning?
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the process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral processes
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Who did the experiment with dogs salivating? What concept does this experiment deal with?
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Ivan Pavlov- dealt with behaviors elicited automatically by some stimulus
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What is a neutral stimulus?
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one that does not normally elicit a response or reflex action by itself
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What is an unconditioned stimulus and an example?
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always elicits a reflex action
e.g. food, loud noise, heat, etc. |
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What is an unconditioned response and an example?
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a response to an unconditioned stimulus, a naturally occurring reflex
e.g. salivation, startled reaction, shout, etc. |
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How does conditioning take place? What is the result?
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The neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus. The neutral stimulus then begins to produce the unconditioned response, which is renamed the conditioned response. Finally, the conditioned stimulus is said to produce the conditioned response.
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What are 4 factors that effect conditioning?
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Stimulus generalization- similar stimuli elicit same CR
Stimulus discrimination- respond to specific stimuli, but not similar ones Extinction- disappearance of conditioned behavior Spontaneous recovery- reappearance of extinguished CR |
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Who has a theory of Behaviorism? Who did he marry? What was the name of his subject?
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John B. Watson
Rosalie Rayner Little Albert (and the white rat) |
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Classical conditioning can explain what regarding drug use?
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addiction, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, relapses
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What is a placebo response?
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a psychological and physiological response to a fake treatment
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What happens that causes people to have withdrawals from drugs?
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CCCR- Classically Conditioned Compensatory Response- body tries to make up for the effects of the drugs (e.g. heart rate lowers, etc.)
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Conditioned Drug Reactions experiment proved what?
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Normal conditions help the body to respond positively, but changing the conditions can be detrimental.
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For Classical Conditioning to be legitimate, what must occur?
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UCS and CS always paired
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If the UCS and CS reliably occur together, the CS has ______ for the UCS.
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predictive value
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Research by _____ suggests that not all conditioned stimuli are created equal. Explain this.
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Garcia- more likely to associate painful stimulus with external stimuli, whereas we're more likely to associate taste stimulus with internal stimuli
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What explains why we are afraid of snakes and spiders as little kids?
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Biological Preparedness= the innate predisposition to form associations between certain stimuli and responses because of evolutionary advantage
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