Psych Exam #2

Front 1

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates

Back 1

Associative learning

Front 2

The process of learning associations is referred to as

Back 2

Conditioning

Front 3

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)

Back 3

conditioned stimulus

Front 4

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a

Back 4

UR

Front 5

Conditioning seldom occurs when a ________ comes after a(n) ________.

Back 5

CS;US

Front 6

Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy felt unexpectedly nervous when she saw her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her response to the dog best illustrates

Back 6

spontaneous recovery

Front 7

A year after surviving a classroom shooting incident, Kim-Li still responds with terror at the sight of toy guns and to the sound of balloons popping. This reaction best illustrates

Back 7

Generalization

Front 8

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the

Back 8

CR

Front 9

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as

Back 9

Shaping

Front 10

If a light reliably signals a food delivery, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

Back 10

Conditioned

Front 11

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Back 11

fixed-ratio

Front 12

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

Back 12

decreases; increases

Front 13

An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective.

Back 13

cognitive

Front 14

An empathic husband who sees his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of

Back 14

mirror neurons.

Front 15

If one chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates

Back 15

observational learning.

Front 16

Chap. 7

After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory.

Back 16

short-term

Front 17

he encoding of information into long-term storage without the aid of working memory illustrates

Back 17

unconscious processing.

Front 18

The extensive rehearsal necessary to encode nonsense syllables best illustrates

Back 18

effortful processing

Front 19

Many students review course material at various times during a semester so they will be prepared for the final exam. These students are especially likely to retain the information far into the future. This best illustrates the value of

Back 19

the spacing effect.

Front 20

At a block party, Kita is introduced to eight new neighbors. Moments later, she can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors. Her experience illustrates

Back 20

the serial position effect

Front 21

Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular course. Yet the more he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the need to distinguish between

Back 21

explicit memory and implicit memory.

Front 22

To remember all the school supplies she needs to buy, Marcy formed mental images of each item positioned at distinct locations along her daily route to school. Marcy's tactic best illustrates the use of

Back 22

visual encoding.

Front 23

Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

Back 23

long-term potentiation

Front 24

Exciting or shocking events are seared into memory with the help

Back 24

hormonal changes

Front 25

The happier Judie is, the more readily she recalls her former teachers as warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be

Back 25

.

Front 26

After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident, Arotza cannot form new memories. He can, however, remember events before the accident. Arotza's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

Back 26

encoding failure.

Front 27

Janica studied French vocabulary in the morning and Spanish vocabulary in the afternoon. During her Spanish exam that evening, she finds herself remembering only the French terms. Her difficulty best illustrates

Back 27

interference.

Front 28

Mrs. McBride can't consciously recall how often she yells at her children because it would be too anxiety arousing to do so. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates

Back 28

repression.

Front 29

After Teresa was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car, she was asked whether she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was a male rather than a female. Teresa's experience best illustrates

Back 29

the misinformation effect.

Front 30

Recalling something that you had once merely imagined happening as something you had directly experienced best illustrates

Back 30

source amnesia.

Front 31

Chap. 8

When Megan goes out to buy cosmetics, she reminds herself that the most expensive brands are the best. Megan's self-reminder illustrates the use of

Back 31

a heuristic.

Front 32

The inability to take a new perspective on a problem is called a

Back 32

fixation.

Front 33

A factory foreman mistakenly believes that older workers are not as motivated as younger workers to work hard. As a result, he keeps a sharp eye out for signs of laziness among senior workers. His supervision strategy best illustrates

Back 33

confirmation bias.

Front 34

Prompt feedback regarding your performance on psychology practice tests is most likely to inhibit

Back 34

overconfidence.

Front 35

In the English language, adjectives are typically placed before nouns, as in "green car." This illustrates an English language rule of

Back 35

syntax.

Front 36

Vocal sounds that are not included in a person's native language first begin to disappear from use during the ________ stage of language development.

Back 36

babbling

Front 37

Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ________ stage of language development.

Back 37

two-word

Front 38

The older a person is when moving to a new country, the harder it is to learn the language. This best illustrates the importance of ________ for learning language.

Back 38

a critical period

Front 39

Managers who want to foster creativity in the workplace should try to increase the ________ of their employees.

Back 39

intrinsic motivation

Front 40

When Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sister's opinion, she controls her own anger and responds to her sister with empathy. Her behavior best illustrates

Back 40

emotional intelligence.

Front 41

An 8-year-old whose score on the original Stanford-Binet was typical of an average 10-year-old was said to have an IQ of

Back 41

125.

Front 42

Before publishing her test of musical aptitude, Professor Reed gave it to a representative sample of people. This was most clearly necessary for test

Back 42

standardization.

Front 43

When retested on the WAIS, people's second scores generally match their first scores quite closely. This indicates that the test has a high degree of

Back 43

reliability.

Front 44

Intelligence test scores are LEAST similar for

Back 44

nontwin siblings reared together

Front 45

Stereotype threat stimulates

Back 45

self-confirming expectations.

Front 46

Chap. 9

Some students work hard for high grades. This best illustrates the importance of

Back 46

incentives.

Front 47

Aaron is motivated to engage in risky activities simply for the sake of the thrill they give him. His motivation is best explained by

Back 47

the two-factor theory.

Front 48

A starving rat will lose all interest in food if its ________ is destroyed.

Back 48

arcuate nucleus

Front 49

In an attempt to lose some of the weight she gained from binge eating, Melissa uses laxatives and exercises until she is exhausted. Melissa most clearly demonstrates symptoms of

Back 49

bulimia nervosa.

Front 50

In a classic experiment, obese patients whose daily caloric intake was dramatically reduced lost only 6 percent of their weight. This limited weight loss resulted from a(n)

Back 50

decrease in their metabolic rate.

Front 51

The stress normally experienced by immigrants is lessened by cluster migration. This best illustrates the importance of ________ needs.

Back 51

belongingness

Front 52

Which theory suggests that you would not experience intense anger unless you were first aware of your racing heart or other symptoms of physiological arousal?

Back 52

James-Lange theory

Front 53

If people who have just been aroused by watching rock videos are then insulted, their feelings of anger will be greater than those of people who have been similarly provoked but were not previously aroused. This is best explained by the

Back 53

two-factor theory.

Front 54

The polygraph measures the changes in ________ that accompany emotion.

Back 54

heart rate

Front 55

The instantaneous and automatic fear response we experience when unexpectedly stumbling on a snake illustrates the importance of the

Back 55

amygdala.

Front 56

If you mimic another person's facial expressions of emotion, you probably will feel increasing empathy for that person. This is best explained in terms of

Back 56

the James-Lange theory.

Front 57

Luciano believes that the best way to get over the anger he feels toward his high school teacher is to hit a punching bag. His belief best illustrates the

Back 57

catharsis hypothesis.

Front 58

After receiving exciting news about the birth of a healthy grandson, Mr. Haney was easily persuaded to contribute a generous sum of money to a neighborhood church. This best illustrates the

Back 58

feel-good, do-good phenomenon.

Front 59

People ________ the long-term emotional impact of sustaining a paralyzing physical injury and they ________ the long-term emotional impact of acquiring wealth.

Back 59

overestimate; overestimate

Front 60

Professor Crane was ecstatic when he learned that his research study had been approved for publication. His feelings of joy quickly disappeared, however, when he heard that a colleague had three different research articles accepted for publication. His declining emotional satisfaction is best explained in terms of

Back 60

relative deprivation.