Psych Exam 2

Front 1

Language

Back 1

system of symbols, sounds meanings and rules of combination that allow for communication among humans

Front 2

Who had ideas of linguistic relativity one's language determines one's thoughts?

Back 2

Benjamin Whorf

Front 3

Structure of language:
-Phonemes
-Morphemes

Back 3

-smalled unit of sonds which can be distinguised(ex: letter a pronounced differently in father, had, call, take)
-samlled units of meaning in a language; phrases( ex: unladylike)

Front 4

Sematics

Back 4

the study of the meaning of words/combinations/sentences

Front 5

Syntax

Back 5

the structure of a language, underlying rules of order/function of words (subject, verb, understanding passive voice)

Front 6

Gleason Study

Back 6

language rules are generative (take rules and apply to novel concepts; ex: 1 glott, another=2 glotts)

Front 7

Overregularizations

Back 7

grammatical rules inorrectly genralized to "exception" cases (falled-know u meant to say fell)

Front 8

Language Acquisition Device (who invented?)

Back 8

-humans posses in inborn lanugage mechanism
-hard-wired to sort input from 20-80 phonemes
-Lose between 4-12 months

Front 9

Define: Surface Structure
Deep Structure
What does Chomsky believe?

Back 9

-particular words used to describe any phenomenon
-notion of nouns, verbs, commands
-believes language differs only in surface structure

Front 10

Define:
-Expressive language
-Receptive Language

Back 10

-the ability to produce language
-the ability to comprehend, process and integrate the meaning of language (greater copasity in developement)

Front 11

Stages in Language Development

Back 11

-Crying:different types of crying (hungry, scared)
-Cooing: vowel like noises
-Babbling: constant/vowel: ba ba; da da
-First Words: da da(daddy)-identifying a particular thing
-Holophrases: simple word conveys meaning- ex: sho- meaning put my shoe on
Overextensions- doggie-they think it means any four legged animal (ex: go to the zoo and name every animal “doggie!”)
-Telegraphic Speech: “content” word sentences(few words as necessary to convey meaning; ex: mommy shoe!, go car! This is before complete sentences)
-By age 6 learn average of 15 words per day, vocabulary of 8,000-14,000 words

Front 12

Nonverbal communication:(6)

Back 12

-vocal intoation-stress, pitch & volume can change meaning
-body language-crossed arms, sitting up
-gestures-motion of limbs or body
-physical distance
-Facial Expressions
-Touch-pat on back, hug

Front 13

Bi-lingualism- name the 2 factors

Back 13

a second language is learned best when younger at a "sensitive period" for langue development (at a younger age)
-Factors: age, and acuulturation(the degree to which a person is socailly and psychologically combined or incorporated into a new culture)

Front 14

Learning Theory and Language:
Define, what are the flaws?

Back 14

-language is based on modeling, imitations, exposure and reinforcement
-Flaws:
1.children aquire language with east, not broad variations
2. adult speech is often sloppy, children aquire basic rules/structures anyways
3. childrens speech is not a mechanical play back of adult speech

Front 15

Interactionist Theorgy of language development

Back 15

both biology and expericen make important contributions to language development (nature vs. nurture-looking at contributions of both)

Front 16

Thought

Back 16

an extention of perception and memory. Metal representations are formed, recalled and manipulated

Front 17

Concepts and Categories
(define individually as well)

Back 17

-objects are classified on the basis of their properties
-concepts:a mental representation of a category (ex: animals, letter, numbers)
-Categorization: recognizing an object as a member of a roup

Front 18

Prototypes:
What does Rosh believe?

Back 18

Prototypes: we rate things based on their similarity to models or prototypes which represent the main characteristic of a group
-Rosch believes concepts are defined by a prototype or the most typical memoer of a "class", something that serves the "typical" qualities of a class: ex: is a sparrow a bird? a bat a bird?

Front 19

Define:
-Reasoning
-Algorithms

Back 19

-Reasoning: the process by which we generage and evaluate arguments
-Algorithms: a methodical, step by step procedure for typing all possible alternatives to sove a problem

Front 20

Types of Reasoning:
-Inductive
-Deductive

Back 20

-Deductive: draw concludions from a set of assumptions; the conclusion is true if the premise is true
-Inductive: we reason from specific observations to general propositions (ex: number series: 2.4.6.8)

Front 21

Syllogism

Back 21

syllogism: form of deductive reasonins, consists of 2 premises and conclusions
-Premise: All A or B (all professors short)
-Premise: C is an A (schreier's a prof.)
-Therefore: C is a B (schreir's short)

Front 22

-Problem Solving:

Back 22

-Problem solving: transform one situation into another to meet a goal. Active effors to achieve the goal

Front 23

Greenos Three types of Problems

Back 23

-Problems of inducing structure:( think of inductive reasoning) relationships between numbers, words, or symbols
-Problems of arrangement: arrange the parts of a problem to satisfy a criterion(anagrams)
-Problems of transformation: need to carry out a sequence in order to achieve a specific goal

Front 24

Framing

Back 24

framing: how decisions or problem solving is posed or asked my change the decisions making task (depends on your you ask the question)

Front 25

Mental Simulation

Back 25

Mental Simulation: mental rehearsal of the steps needed to solve a problem (go through your day to get through all of the things you need to get done)

Front 26

Mental Set

Back 26

tendency to stick to solutions which have worked in the past

Front 27

Functional Fixedness

Back 27

Functional fixedness: our tendency to rely on a function for an object and ignore other possible uses (ex: screwdriver-only think of it for the use of turning screws and prying things open, not as a weight)

Front 28

Confirmation bias

Back 28

Confirmation bias: we seek to confirm what we already believe (pro-reading a paper)

Front 29

Insight

Back 29

Insight: the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error. The AHA experience

Front 30

Decision Making:
-Compensatory Decision Models
-Noncompensatory Decions Models

Back 30

Decision Making: evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
-Compensatory Decision Models: allows attractive attributes to compensate for unattractive attributes (taking a flight with a bunch of layovers to get the cheapest flight possible)
-Noncompensatory Decision Models: do not allow some attributes to compensate for others

Front 31

Heuristics

Back 31

Heuristics shorcuts that guide us in decision making

Front 32

Availability Heuristic

Back 32

Availability Heuristic: decision making based on the fact that things which are easily recalled seem to be typical/common (ex: people taking cars instead of planes after 9/11, even though planes are safer)

Front 33

Representative Heuristic

Back 33

Representative Heuristic: matching an object to a “concept” or “category” without processing how likely the fit may be (ex: a guy coming into lecture w/ leather on-think right away he is a biker, even if he really is somone coming into lecture giving a different lecture)