Psych Exam 2

Front 1

learning

Back 1

change in behavior, knowledge, capability or attitude that is gained through experience

Front 2

Operant conditioning

Back 2

The process through which consequences increase or decrease the frequency of a behavior. Ex. rewarding a dog as it's learning a trick. ( Shaping)

Front 3

Classical conditioning

Back 3

Learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another. Example pavlov's dog experiment

Front 4

According to classical conditioning we learn by __________?

Back 4

Association

Front 5

What types of memory do we have?

Back 5

Sensory, short term and long term

Front 6

How do we remember things ?

Back 6

Remembering requires successful completion of these processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval

Front 7

How can we help improve memory?

Back 7

Mnemonics, organization, over learning, repeated testing and recitation are all ways to help improve memory

Front 8

Pavlov

Back 8

Associated with classical conditioning, (Pavlov's dog experiment)

Front 9

Watson

Back 9

Associated with behaviorism, also believer in classical conditioning.

Front 10

cognitive psychology

Back 10

The study of mental processes, such as memory,problem solving, reasoning and decision making.

Front 11

behavioral psychology

Back 11

emphasizes the role that environment has on behavior

Front 12

why do we forget things?

Back 12

Encoding failure, decay,interference, consolidation failure, motivated forgetting, prospective forgetting, retrieval failure are all ways we forget things

Front 13

According to behavioral psychology what influences behavior?

Back 13

environment

Front 14

According to behavioral psychology, how do we learn?

Back 14

Learning occurs through interactions with the environment

Front 15

neutral stimulus

Back 15

stimulus that does not produce an automatic response.

Front 16

unconditioned stimulus

Back 16

creates an automatic reaction (unconditioned response)

Front 17

unconditioned response

Back 17

reaction caused by unconditioned stimulus

Front 18

conditioned stimulus

Back 18

A previously neutral stimulus, where an organism has learned to make a response by classical conditioning

Front 19

conditioned response

Back 19

Learned response to the previously neutral stimulus

Front 20

generalization

Back 20

In operant conditioning, the tendency to have the same reaction to a stimulus similar to that for which the response was originally reinforced.

Front 21

Discrimination stimulus

Back 21

A stimulus that signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished. Example: asking a parent to go out when they're in a good mood compared to when they're in a bad mood

Front 22

Extinction

Back 22

In operant conditioning, the weakening and disappearance of the conditioned response as a result of withholding of their reinforcement. for example: A rat will eventually stop pressing a bar when they are no longer rewarded with food.

Front 23

Thorndike

Back 23

formulated the law of effect.

Front 24

Skinner

Back 24

Taught psych at harvard, radical behaviorist.Created operant conditioning.

Front 25

According to operant conditioning, we learn by __________?

Back 25

Skinner called it ABCs of learning. Antecedent, Behavior, consequences.

Front 26

law of effect

Back 26

One of Thorndikes laws that states that the consequence will determine whether the subject will respond in the same way, or whether it will be strengthened or weakened

Front 27

shaping

Back 27

how animals learn their tricks, reinforcing any movement in direction of the desired response towards the ultimate goal.( training a dog to sit)

Front 28

cognition

Back 28

The mental processes that are involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using information. (includes sensation, perception, imagery, problem solving exc.)

Front 29

latent learning

Back 29

learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not demonstrated until the organism is motivated to do so.

Front 30

cognitive map

Back 30

a mental representation or picture (such as a maze)

Front 31

According to Bandura we learn by_________?

Back 31

observation.

Front 32

insight

Back 32

the sudden realization of the relationship between elements in a problem and makes the solution known