Psych Exam 2

Front 1

biological rhythms

Back 1

physiological fluctuations over time

Front 2

circadian rhythms

Back 2

a cycle of a bodily rhythm that occurs over 24 hours

Front 3

restorative theory

Back 3

provides us a point where cells can repair after extended usage

Front 4

preservation theory

Back 4

preservation and protection: animals evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active

Front 5

memory storage theory

Back 5

allows us time to consolidate and organize our memories

Front 6

maturation theory

Back 6

as you get older you need less sleep

Front 7

Randy Gardner

Back 7

stayed awake for eleven days

Front 8

sleep deprivation

Back 8

effects mood, problem solving, reaction speed; causes microsleeps; 50% of people are sleep deprived

Front 9

beta waves

Back 9

pre-sleep; smaller/faster waves; person is wide awake and mentally active

Front 10

alpha waves

Back 10

pre-sleep; larger/slower waves; starting to relax, brain waves become slower

Front 11

theta waves

Back 11

stage 1 non-REM; light sleep, hypnic jerk, hypnagogic images

Front 12

delta waves

Back 12

stages 3/4 non-REM; deepest points of sleep with delta waves present; difference between 3 and 4 is the percentage of delta waves (over 50% delta waves=stage 4)

Front 13

REM sleep

Back 13

90 minutes into falling asleep; active stage when dreaming occurs; EEG patterns resemble a wakeful state (paradoxical sleep)

Front 14

sleep latency

Back 14

amount of time to get to sleep

Front 15

sleep continuity

Back 15

overall balance between sleep and wake during the night

Front 16

sleep architecture

Back 16

amount and distribution of sleep stages

Front 17

dysomnias

Back 17

difficulty with initiating or obtaining sleep or excessive sleepiness

Front 18

parasomnias

Back 18

problems related to sleep stages

Front 19

insomnias

Back 19

part of dysomnia group; inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep; drug treatments are GABA agonists

Front 20

narcolepsy

Back 20

overpowering urge to fall asleep; not controlled

Front 21

sleep apnea

Back 21

individual stops breathing periodically during the night; up to over a minute; dysfunction in brain stem

Front 22

symptoms of sleep apnea

Back 22

snoring, gasping for breath, dull headaches upon wakening, daytime sleepiness/accidental naps

Front 23

treatment for sleep apnea

Back 23

change diet, surgery, c-pack (continuous airway pressure device)

Front 24

nightmares

Back 24

bad dreams arousing feelings of horror, helplessness, extreme sorrow, etc.

Front 25

night terrors

Back 25

bad dreams more often in childhood

Front 26

manifest content

Back 26

actual content in dreams (Freud)

Front 27

latent content

Back 27

underlying meaning in dreams (Freud)

Front 28

activation-synthesis hypothesis

Back 28

dreams represent random firing of the brain

Front 29

activation-information mode model

Back 29

information accessed while awake affects dream synthesis

Front 30

Ivan Pavlov

Back 30

russian physiologist discovered classical conditioning through his study of salivary reflexes with dogs

Front 31

unconditioned stimulus

Back 31

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning (ex. dog food)

Front 32

unconditioned response

Back 32

a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning (ex. salivation when seeing food)

Front 33

conditioned stimulus

Back 33

an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus (ex. bell)

Front 34

conditioned response

Back 34

a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus (ex. salivation with bell ringing)

Front 35

temporal contiguity

Back 35

responses develop when the interval between UCS and CS is very short (backward conditioning?)

Front 36

contingency theory

Back 36

association was dependant upon the perceived predictability of the UC and UCS

Front 37

Edward Thorndike

Back 37

law of effect: responses followed by pleasurable consequences are repeated

Front 38

puzzle box

Back 38

Thorndike created a puzzle box i which a cat had to learn how to open it to get food; if an action brings a reward, the action stays in the mind

Front 39

Skinner Box

Back 39

controlled environment for training to have an animal learn something; an animal presses a bar and a food pellet is automatically released

Front 40

shaping

Back 40

rewarding approximations of desired behaviors

Front 41

reinforcement

Back 41

process by which a stimulus or event strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows

Front 42

punishment

Back 42

the process by which a stimulus or event weakens or reduces the probability of the response that follows

Front 43

positive reinforcement

Back 43

addition of pleasurable stimulus (gold stars, etc.)

Front 44

negative reinforcement

Back 44

removal, escape, or avoidance of aversive stimulus

Front 45

positive punishment

Back 45

addition of an unpleasant stimulus (push ups, south park v-chip etc.)

Front 46

negative punishment

Back 46

removal of pleasurable stimulus (time-out; removes social interaction)

Front 47

fixed ratio schedule

Back 47

same number of desired responses required

Front 48

variable ratio schedule

Back 48

number of responses required varies in each event (ex. gambling slots)

Front 49

fixed interval schedule

Back 49

always the same time before reinforcement opportunity

Front 50

variable interval schedule

Back 50

reinforcement possibilities after varying amounts of time

Front 51

memory encoding

Back 51

memory is on a continuum from shallow to deep with deeper processing producing better memory

Front 52

shallow level of processing

Back 52

sensory or physical features

Front 53

intermediate level of processing

Back 53

given a label

Front 54

deep level of processing

Back 54

processed semantically, in terms of its meaning; the more associations, the deeper the meaning

Front 55

memory retrieval

Back 55

serial Position Curve: remember stuff from the beginning and end of list better than the middle (also known as primacy and recency effects); thought to occur for multiple reasons (including position)

Front 56

explicit memories

Back 56

very easy to verbally explain that memory; conscious recollection of information such as specific facts or events; who, what, when, where, why

Front 57

episodic memories

Back 57

type of explicit memory; retention of information about life's happenings (autobiographical, such as stories told)

Front 58

semantic memories

Back 58

type of explicit memory; general knowledge of the world (such as meanings of words, famous people, etc.)

Front 59

implicit memories

Back 59

behavior is affected by prior experience without that experience being consciously recollected (remembered)

Front 60

procedural memory

Back 60

type of implicit memory; memory for skills that often don’t require direct attention and continual conscious awareness to learn and improve (tying shoes, hard to verbalize)

Front 61

incidental learning

Back 61

unintentional or unplanned learning

Front 62

priming

Back 62

exposure to events that influence future behavioral emotional, and/or cognitive responses, which are generally unintentional (knight versus night)

Front 63

retrieval cues

Back 63

recall: memory tasks without cues; recognition: memory task with cues to help recognize learned items

Front 64

state dependent learning

Back 64

people recall information better when they are in the same psychological state or mood as learning

Front 65

encoding failure

Back 65

information never makes it into storage (long term memory) ex. face of penny

Front 66

retrieval failure

Back 66

forgetting can result from failure to retrieve information from long-term memory

Front 67

proactive interference

Back 67

disruptive effect of old memories on recall of new information (ex. name of friend's new wife)

Front 68

retroactive interference

Back 68

disruptive effect of new memories on recall of old information (ex. playing tennis after learning racket ball)

Front 69

retroactive interference

Back 69

disruptive effect of new memories on recall of old information (ex. playing tennis after learning racket ball)

Front 70

stage 2 non-REM

Back 70

temperature, breathing, heart rate decrease; sleep spindle (rapid fast amplitude burst, less than a second) and K complex (single massive arch); increase in theta waves

Front 71

Peter Tripp

Back 71

a DJ who stayed awake for 8 days; hallucinated; never the same after the "stunt"

Front 72

polysomnograph

Back 72

a record of measurements of various bodily parameters during sleep used in the diagnosis of sleep disorders, such as destructive sleep apnea

Front 73

cognitive dream theory

Back 73

dreams contain maps which the dreamer follows to anticipate difficulties and obstacles

Front 74

anterograde amnesia

Back 74

loss of retention of new material

Front 75

retrograde amnesia

Back 75

memory loss for a segment of the past

Front 76

psychogenic amnesia

Back 76

non-organic causes

Front 77

source amnesia

Back 77

misattribution of the source of the memory

Front 78

sensory memory

Back 78

very first stage of memory; point at which info. enters the nervous system through the sensory systems; hold information in its original form only for an instant; Sperling discovered you can store 9-12 in sensory memory and most info. is gone in half a second

Front 79

short term memory

Back 79

memory system in which info. is held for brief periods of time while being used; 30 seconds; capacity is 7 plus or minus 2

Front 80

stage 2 non-REM

Back 80

temperature, breathing, heart rate decrease; sleep spindle (rapid fast amplitude burst, less than a second) and K complex (single massive arch); increase in theta waves

Front 81

Peter Tripp

Back 81

a DJ who stayed awake for 8 days; hallucinated; never the same after the "stunt"

Front 82

polysomnograph

Back 82

a record of measurements of various bodily parameters during sleep used in the diagnosis of sleep disorders, such as destructive sleep apnea

Front 83

cognitive dream theory

Back 83

dreams contain maps which the dreamer follows to anticipate difficulties and obstacles

Front 84

anterograde amnesia

Back 84

loss of retention of new material

Front 85

retrograde amnesia

Back 85

memory loss for a segment of the past

Front 86

psychogenic amnesia

Back 86

non-organic causes

Front 87

source amnesia

Back 87

misattribution of the source of the memory

Front 88

sensory memory

Back 88

very first stage of memory; point at which info. enters the nervous system through the sensory systems; hold information in its original form only for an instant; Sperling discovered you can store 9-12 in sensory memory and most info. is gone in half a second

Front 89

short term memory

Back 89

memory system in which info. is held for brief periods of time while being used; 30 seconds; capacity is 7 plus or minus 2

Front 90

chunking

Back 90

in short term memory; grouping units into higher order units that can be remembered (phone number)

Front 91

maintenance rehearsal

Back 91

in short term memory; repeating words over and over again

Front 92

elaborative rehearsal

Back 92

short term to long term memory; reflect mindfully on the words and their meanings as one repeats them

Front 93

context dependent learning

Back 93

involves the recall of information in the same or similar place/situation as when the memory was formed

Front 94

Albert Bandura

Back 94

bobo doll experiment

Front 95

latent learning

Back 95

decrease in error after a few days because of motivation and only until needed (rats getting food after maze)

Front 96

observational learning

Back 96

bobo doll experiment; learning new behavior based on model who performed that behavior

Front 97

learned helplessness

Back 97

tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

Front 98

conditioned taste aversion

Back 98

development of nausea with a certain taste because one time that taste was followed by a nausea reaction

Front 99

conditioned emotional response

Back 99

emotional responses that have become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli

Front 100

counter conditioning

Back 100

the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response

Front 101

Little Albert

Back 101

paired a rat with loud, scary noise; was not initially scared of rat, but when saw rat would cry because it was paired with noise

Front 102

higher order conditioning

Back 102

when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus; causes neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

Front 103

spontaneous recovery

Back 103

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

Front 104

extinction

Back 104

the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus or removal of a reinforcer

Front 105

discrimination

Back 105

learning to respond to a certain stimulus but not others (the real bell with food that follows, fake bell with no food)

Front 106

generalization

Back 106

tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response (ex. noise that sounds like a drill reminds you of the dentist)

Front 107

neutral stimulus

Back 107

stimulus that has no effect on the desired response

Front 108

classic conditioning

Back 108

learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original

Front 109

learning

Back 109

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

Front 110

counter conditioning

Back 110

the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response

Front 111

Little Albert

Back 111

paired a rat with loud, scary noise; was not initially scared of rat, but when saw rat would cry because it was paired with noise

Front 112

higher order conditioning

Back 112

when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus; causes neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

Front 113

spontaneous recovery

Back 113

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

Front 114

extinction

Back 114

the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus or removal of a reinforcer

Front 115

discrimination

Back 115

learning to respond to a certain stimulus but not others (the real bell with food that follows, fake bell with no food)

Front 116

generalization

Back 116

tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response (ex. noise that sounds like a drill reminds you of the dentist)

Front 117

neutral stimulus

Back 117

stimulus that has no effect on the desired response

Front 118

classic conditioning

Back 118

learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original

Front 119

learning

Back 119

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

Front 120

personality

Back 120

unique and stable ways people, think, feel, and behave

Front 121

Freudian slip

Back 121

unconscious needs/thoughts will slip into behavior

Front 122

id

Back 122

primitive; born with id; strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives

Front 123

ego

Back 123

develops out of the demands and constraints of the environment

Front 124

pleasure principle

Back 124

immediate gratification (id)

Front 125

reality principle

Back 125

cope with frustration/delay gratification (ego)

Front 126

idealistic principle

Back 126

ethical standards/rules for behavior (superego)

Front 127

superego

Back 127

rational/moral self

Front 128

conscious mind

Back 128

contact with outside world

Front 129

preconscious mind

Back 129

material just beneath surface of awareness

Front 130

denial

Back 130

protecting ourselves from an unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive it

Front 131

displacement

Back 131

redirection of an impulse away from the person who prompts it and towards a safe substitute

Front 132

reaction formation

Back 132

transforms an unacceptable impulse or thought into its opposite

Front 133

oral stage

Back 133

0-18 months; chewing, biting, sucking, etc.

Front 134

anal stage

Back 134

18-36 months; bowel/bladder elimination

Front 135

phallic stage

Back 135

3-6 years; pleasure zone is genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Front 136

latency stage

Back 136

6 to puberty; dormant sexual feelings

Front 137

genital stage

Back 137

puberty on; maturation of sexual needs

Front 138

oedipus complex

Back 138

situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parents (boy attraction towards mother; jealousy towards parents)

Front 139

electra complex

Back 139

female version of oedipus complex

Front 140

fixation

Back 140

disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage; results in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage; inadequate completion of an earlier stage

Front 141

regression

Back 141

during time of stress, we regress to incomplete stages

Front 142

anal-retentive

Back 142

a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stubborn, and stingy; holding everything in

Front 143

anal-expulsive

Back 143

a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, obstructive, and hostile

Front 144

distinctiveness

Back 144

why all people do not act in the same fashion under the same situations

Front 145

consistency

Back 145

focuses on the stability of these characteristics over time and across situations; led to the concept of a personality trait

Front 146

gordon allport

Back 146

believed traits were literally wired into the nervous system to guide one's behavior across many different situations and that each person's "constellation" of traits was unique; no evidence

Front 147

cardinal traits

Back 147

pervasive traits that aclimate an individual's personality and behavior; very rare; allport

Front 148

central traits

Back 148

generally expressed in most situations and are often used to describe one's personality; 5-10 usually present; allport

Front 149

secondary trait

Back 149

limited in frequency and least important in understanding one's personality; allport

Front 150

Raymond Cattell

Back 150

16 personality factor (source traits); factor analysis

Front 151

surface traits

Back 151

aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in outward actions of a person; cattell

Front 152

source traits

Back 152

the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality; correlation between surface traits representing a core element of personality; cattell

Front 153

5 factor theory

Back 153

model of personality traits that describes 5 basic trait dimensions:
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

Front 154

openness

Back 154

willingness to try new things;
high scorer: creative, artistic, curious, etc.
low scorer: conventional, down-to-earth, uncreative

Front 155

extraversion

Back 155

referring to one's need to be with other people;
high scorer: talkative, optimistic, sociable
low scorer: reserved, wallflower

Front 156

conscientiousness

Back 156

the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability;
high scorer: organized, reliable, neat, ambitious
low scorer: unreliable, lazy, careless, spontaneous

Front 157

agreeableness

Back 157

the emotional style of a person that ranges from likable to unpleasant
high scorer: good-natured, trusting, helpful
low scorer: rude, uncooperative, intolerable

Front 158

neuroticism

Back 158

degree of emotional instability or stability
high scorer: worrying, insecure, anxious
low scorer: calm, stable, relaxed