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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kaiping Peng and Michael Morris computer fish experiment
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Shows how Americans and Asians differ in viewing the fish
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Difference in US and Chinese newspapers interpretation of Gang Lu's killing of a woman
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○ Americans say Gang Lu was a time bomb
Chinese thought if he was in China he wouldn't have committed the crime |
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- Hazel Rose Markus and S. Kitayama - how self and culture shape each other
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Mutual Constitution- shaping and being shaped by culture
Seen in US and western europe See themselves as being in controlInterdependent Self: emphasizes sympathy to others Seen in east asia and in buddism Focus on their negative aspects to fix them |
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- James M. Jones - TRIOS
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○ Time
○ Rhythm ○ Improvisation ○ Orality ○ Spirtuality |
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joseph Trimble - study of American Indians
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○ Everyone has responsibility
○ Sense of community ○ Spirituality is respect for all that live ○ We are all connected ○ Tradition of sharing- maintains lifes balance |
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- Ricardo Munoz- Psychology of enculturation, study of U.S Latinos
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○ The more people stay here, the moer like our culture they become
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Culture:
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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
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Cross-Cultural psychology
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is a research method that tests the cultural parameters of psychological knowledge. It includes participants of more than one cultural background and then comparing data obtained across those cultures. This allows psychologists to examine how knowledge about people and their behaviors from one culture may or may not hold for people from other cultures. It is a matter of scientific philosophy which is the logic underlying the methods used to conduct research and generate knowledge in psychology.
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Culture:
Six general categories in which culture is discussed |
Descriptive, historical, normative, psychological, structural, genetic
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Factors that influence Culture:
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Ecological Factors:
Geography, climate, the amount of natural resources all affect culture. Social factors: Population density, affluence, technology, type of government, institutions, media, sociocultural history, and religion. Biological factors: Aggregate temperament and personality of the members of a culture. |
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Culture and nationality
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persons country of origin
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Culture and ethnicity
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people of a nation or tribe, usually used to denote one's racial, national, or cultural origins.
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Culture and Gender
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sex refers to the biological differences. Gender refers to the behaviors or patterns of activities that a society or culture deems appropriate for men and women.
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Culture and disability
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differ from those w/o disabilities in that they share some type of physical impairment in their senses, limbs, or other parts of their bodies.
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Culture and Sexual orientation-
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people form diff sexual relationships w/ others, and the persons with whom they form such relationships constitute a major aspect of their sexual orientation.
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Race
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Race is not culture. Race is more of a social construction than a biological essential. People have a natural propensity to create categories, especially those dealing with human characteristics.
Culture is what gives race its meaning, and it is culture with which psychologists should be concerned. |
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Personality
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Personality refers to the individual differences that exist among individuals w/in groups.
Culture is the social psychological frame w/in which individuals reside, much like the structure of our houses and homes. Personality refers to the unique constellation of traits, attributes, qualities, and characteristics of individuals w/in those frames. |
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Culture versus Popular culture.
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diff. popular culture is like fads..music, etc…
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Hofstede's Cultural dimensions
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: Hofstede studied work-related values around the world, and has reported data from 72 counties. He has generated four dimensions that he suggested could differentiate cultures..
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○ Individualism versus Collectivism
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§ The degree to which cultures will encourage on one hand the tendency for people to look after themselves and their immediate family only, or on the other hand for people to belong to ingroups that are suppose to look after its members in exchange for loyalty
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○ Power Distance
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§ The degree to which cultures will encourage less powerful members of groups to accept that power is distributed unequally
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○ Uncertainty Avoidance
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§ The degree to which people feel threatened by the unknown or ambiguous situations, and have developed beliefs, institutions, or rituals to avoid them.
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○ Masculinity versus Femininity
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§ Success, money, things vs. caring for others and quality of life
§ Distribution of emotional roles btwn males and females |
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○ Recent fifth dimension that he incorporated: long term vs short term orientation
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he degree to which cultures encourage delayed gratification of material, social, and emotional needs
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Schwartz's Values
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focuses on values (desirable goals that serve as guiding principles in people's lives. Has identified 7 universal values
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○ Embeddedness:
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§ the degree to which cultures will emphasize the maintenance of the status quo, propriety, and restraint of actions or inclinatinos that might disrupt the solidarity of the group or the traditional order. Fosters social order, tradition, family security, self-discipline
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○ Hierarchy:
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§ The degree to which cultures emphasize the legitimacy of hierarchical allocation of fixed roles and resources
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Mastery:
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§ Getting ahead through active self-assertion or by changing and mastering the natural and social environment (ambition, success, daring, competence)
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○ Intellectual Autonomy
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§ Promoting and protecting independent ideas and rights of the individual to pursue his or her intellectual directions
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○ Affective Autonomy:
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○ Affective Autonomy:
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○ Egalitarianism:
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§ Transcending selfish interests in favor of the voluntary promotion of the welfare of others
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○ Harmony
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§ Fitting in with the environment
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Leung and Bond's Social Axioms
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beliefs and premises about oneself, the social and physical environment, and the spiritual world. Assertions about the relationship btwn two or more entities or concepts; people endorse and use them to guide their behavior in daily living. Two social axiom dimensions exist on the cultural level…
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○ Dynamic externality:
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§ Outward-oriented, simplistic grappling with external forces that are construed to include fate and a supreme being. It is the culture-level reflection of the belief structures that form part of a psychological constellation that aids citizens to mobilize psychologically to confront environmental difficulties. Strong sense spirituality.
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○ Societal Cynicism:
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§ Represents a predominantly cognitive apprehension or pessimism of the world confronting people. Cultures high on this dimension believe that the world produces malignant outcomes, that they are surrounded by inevitable negative outcomes, and that individuals are suppressed by powerful others and subjected to the depredations of willful and selfish individuals, groups, and institutions
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Linguistic Equivalence
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refers to whether the research protocols used in a cross-cultural study are semantically equivalent across the various languages included in the study.
- Back translation: involves taking the research protocol in one language, translating it to the other language, and having someone else translate it back to the original. - Committee approach: several bilingual informants collectively translate a research protocol into a target language. |
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Measurement equivalence
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refers to the degree to which measures used to collect data in different cultures are equally valid and reliable.
- Validity: whether a measure accurately measures what it is suppose to measure - Reliability: how consistently a measure measures what it is suppose to measure |
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Sampling Equivalence
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refers to whether cross-cultural samples can be compared. Whether samples are appropriate representatives of their culture. Whether the samples are equivalent on no cultural demographic variables.
- Researchers need to find ways of controlling these noncultural demographic factors when comparing data across cultures. They do this in one of two ways: experimentally controlling them by holding them constant in the selection of participants or statistically controlling them when analyzing data |
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Procedural Equivalence
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the issue of equivalence also applies to the procedures used to collect data in different cultures.
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Theoretical Equivalence
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equivalence in meaning of the overall theoretical framework being tested and the specific hypotheses being addressed in the first place
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Response Bias
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systematic tendency to respond in a certain way to items or scales.
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Socially desirable responding
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the tendency to give answers that make oneself look good
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Acquiescence bias
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the tendency to agree rather than disagree with items on questionnaires
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Extreme Response bias
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the tendency to use the ends of a scale regardless of item content
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Reference group
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people make implicit social comparisons with others when making ratings on scales, rather than relying on direct interferences about private, personal value system. People will implicitly compare themselves to others in their group.
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Effect Size Analysis:
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In testing cultural differences on target variables of interest, researchers of ten use inferential statistics such as chi-square or analysis of variance (ANOVA).
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Cause-Effect versus correlation interpretation:
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in hypothesis-testing cross-cultural studies, cultural groups are often treated as independent variables in research design and data analysis, making these studies a form of quaiexperiment. Data from such studies are basically correlational, and inferences drawn from them can only be correlational inferences. Cause-effect statements have to have these conditions: 1- create the conditions of the experiment and 2-randomly assign in any study in which one of the main variables is cultural group.
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Cultural Attribution Fallacies:
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occur when researchers claim that between-group differences are cultural when they really have no empirical justification to do so.
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Researchers Bias:
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most researches interpret the data they obtain through their own cultural filters
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○ Dealing with Nonequivalent Data:
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§ Preclude comparison
§ Reduce the nonequivalence in the data § Interpret the nonequivalence § Ignore the nonequivalence |
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- Ecological-Level Studies
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○ Use countries or cultures as the unit of analysis
○ The most well known ecological-level study of culture is Hofstede's seminal work. |
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Cultural studies
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characterized by rich descriptions of complex theoretical models of culture that predict and explain cultural differences
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Linkage Studies
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- Cultural studies did no link the theoretical frameworks about culture with the psychological phenomena of interest in the study to demonstrate that those frameworks were actually empirically related to the psychological processes and influenced them in the manner hypothesized.
Most recent researchers have come to recognize the importance of establishing such linkages btwn the contents of culture and the variables of interest in the study. This has led to the emergence of a class of studies we call linkage studies. They comprise Phase IV of the evolution of cross-cultural research, a state we are entering in the field today. |
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Unpackaging studies
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extensions of basic cross-cultural comparisons, but include the measurement of a variable that assesses the contents of culture that are thought to produce the differences on the variable being compared across cultures.
Culture as an unspecified variable is replaced by more specific variables in order to truly explain cultural differences. These variables are called context variables and should be measured to examine the degree to which they can account for cultural differences. |
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Individual-level Measures of Culture
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these are measures that assess psychological dimensions related to meaningful dimensions of cultural variability and that are completed by individuals.
- The most common dimension of culture operationalized on the individual level is Individualism v. Collectivism. |
