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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Cognitive Psychology |
The study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak and solve problems |
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Psychology |
Scientific study of thought and behavior, a science |
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Developmental psychology |
The study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the life span |
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Behavioral Neuroscience |
Study of the links among brain, mind and behavior |
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Biological Psychology |
The study of the relationship between bodily systems and chemicals and how they influence thought and behavior |
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Bsjs |
Bsbsb |
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Personality psych |
Considers what makes people unique, consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations |
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Social psych |
The study of how living among others influenced thought, feeling and behavior |
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Clinical psych |
The diagnosis and treatment of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders and the the promotion of psychological health |
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Health psych |
The study of the role psychological factors play in regard to health and illness |
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Educational psych |
The study of how students learn, effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, social psych of schools, psych of teaching |
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Industrial/Organizational psych (IO) |
The application of psychological concepts and questions to work settingns |
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Sports psych |
The study of psychological factors in sports and exercise |
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Forensic psychology |
The field that blends psychology, law and criminal justice |
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Shamans |
Medicine people who treat people w mental problems by driving out demons w elaborate rituals (exorcisms, incantatns, and prayers) |
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Trephination |
Prehistoric practice of a shaman drilling a small hole in skull to release demons |
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Asylum |
Facilities for treating the mentally ill in eurooebduring the middle ages and into the 19th century |
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Moral treatment |
The 19th century approach to treating the mentally ill with dignity in a caring environment |
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Psychoanalysis |
A clinically based approach to understanding and treating psych disorders, it assumes that the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought and behavior |
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Empiricism |
The view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience |
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Tabula rasa |
John Locke's blank slate, onto which experience write the contents of the mind |
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Psychophysics |
The study of how people psycholocally perceive physical stimuli, such as light, sound waves, and touch |
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Ernest Weber |
Experimental psychologist, helped develop psychophysics, researched perception and laid groundwork |
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Gustav Fechner |
Experimental psychologist, coined term for Psychophysics, refined Webers principles of perception |
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Hermann von Helmholtz (aka impressive guy) |
Physician/Physicist, made important contributions to the study of memory, physiology, color vision, the laws of conservation in physics and to music theory, meteorology, geometry, designed workable telephone, calculated speed of nerve impulse |
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Wilhelm Wundt |
1879 set up psych lab in Leipzig, Germany, birthplace of psych, applied scientific methods of physiology and physics to philosophy, trained students from different countries and sent them back |
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G. Stanley Hall |
Psychologist, learned from Wundt, 1st PhD in psych in US under William James, opened 1st US lab at Johns Hopkins, est. Psych as a science in US, founded APA (American Psychological Association) and became its pres, started "American Journal of Psychology" |
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Structuralism |
19th cent school of psych that argued that breaking down experience into its elemental parts offered the best way to understand thought and behavior |
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Introspection |
Main methodbod investigation for structuralists, involves looking into one's own mind for info about the nature of conscious experience |
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Functionalism |
A 19th cent school of psych that argued it was better to look at why the mind works the way it does than to describe its parts |
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Behaviorism |
A school of psych that proposed that psych could be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings or motives |
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Humanistic psych |
A theory of psych that focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one's highest potential |
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Positive psych |
A scientific approach to studying understanding and promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning |
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Gestalt psych |
A theory of psych that maintains that we perceive things as wholes rather than a compilatn of parts, while worth more than sum of parts |
Whole form |
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Softwiring |
contrast to hard-wiring, bio systems- genes, brain structures, and brain cells- inherited but open to modification by the environment |
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Nature through nurture |
position that the environment constantly interacts w biology to shape who we are and what we do |
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evolution |
the change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species |
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proteins |
make up most of what we are: cell membranes, [hormones, enzymes, muscle tissue, carry out intentions |
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natural selection |
a feedback process whereby nature favors one design over another because it has an impact on repro |
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Chance mutations |
spontaneous changes in genes |
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adaptations |
inherited solutions to ancestral problems that have been selected for bc they contribute in some way to repro success
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evolutionary psych |
branch of psych that studies human behavior by asking what adaptive problems it may have solved for our early ancestors |
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emotions |
behavioral adaptations that help tell us whether something is good or bad for our well being |
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scientific thinking |
process of using the cognitive skills required to generate, test and revise theories |
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1st attitude of science |
question authority |
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2nd attitude of science |
doubt and open skepticism |
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3rd attitude of science |
intellectual honesty |
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scientific method |
procedures by which scientists conduct research, consisting of the five basic processes |
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five basic processes (in order) |
1. Oberve 2. Predict 3 test 4 interpret 5 communicate |
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theory |
set of related assumptions from which scientists can make testable predictions |
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hypothesis |
specific, informed and testable prediction of the outcome of a particular set of conditions in a research design |
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replication |
repetition of a study in order to confirm the results; essential to scientific process |
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pseudoscience |
claims presented as scientific that aren't supported by evidence obtained using the scientific method |
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research designs |
plans of action for how to conduct a scientific study |
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variable |
a characteristic that changes or varies |
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population |
entire group a researcher is interested in |
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sample |
subsets of the population studied in a research project |
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descriptive designs |
study designs in which the researcher defines a problem and variable of interest but makes no prediction and doesn't control or manipulate anything |
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case study
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a study design in which a psychologist, often a therapist, observes one person over a logn period of time, cannot look at cause and effect |
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psychobiography |
case study of a famous person, exemplifies value of these studies |
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naturalistic observation |
a study in which the researcher unobtrusively observes and records behavior in the real world |
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representative sample |
a research sample that accurately reflects the population of people one is studying |
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meta-analysis |
a research technique for combining all research results on one question and drawing a conclusion |
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effect size |
a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables or the extent of an experimental effect |
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correlational designs |
studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another; they are not designed to show causation |
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correlation coefficients |
statistics that range from -1 tp +1 and assess the strength and direction of associations between two variables |
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experiment |
a research design that includes independent and dependent variables and random assignments of participants to control and experimental groups or conditions |
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independent variable |
a property that's manipulated by an experimenter under controlled conditions to determine whether it caused the predicted outcome of an experiment |
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dependent variable |
in an experiment, the outcome of or response to an experimental manipulation |
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true experiments have |
random assignment of participants and experimental manipulation of the usual different parts |
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random assignment |
method used to assign participants to different research conditions, so that all participants have the same chance of being in any specific group |
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experimental group |
group consisting of those participants who receive the treatment or whatever is predicted to change behavior |
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control group |
group of research participants who are treated in exactly the same manner as the experimental group but do not receive the indep variable |
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placebo |
a substance or treatment that appears identical to the actual treatment but lacks the active substance |
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confounding variable |
a variable whose influence on the dependent variable cannot be separated from the indep variable being examined |
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single-blind studies |
studies in which participants do not know the experimental condition/group to which they have been assigned |
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double-blind studies |
studies in which neither the participants nor the researchers administering the treatment know who has been assigned to the experimental or control group |
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experimenter expectancy effects |
results that occur when the behavior of the participants is influenced by the experimenter's knowledge of who is and isn't in the control group |
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self-fulfilling prophecy |
a statement that affects events to cause the prediction to become true |
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measures |
the tools and techniques used to assess thought or behavior |
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self-reports |
written or oral accounts of a person's thoughts,feelings or actions |
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social desirability bias |
the tendency toward favorable self-rep which could lead to inaccurate self reports |
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behavioral measures |
measures based on systematic observation of people's actions, either in their normal envir. or in a lab setting |
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physiological measures |
measures of bodily responses, such as bloodpressure or heart rate, used to determine changes in psychological state |
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stats |
collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of numeric data |
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descriptive stats |
measures used to describe and summarize research |
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mean |
arithmetic avg of a series of numbers |
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median |
score that separates the lower half of scores from the upper half and vice versa |
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mode |
a stat that reps the most commonly occurring score or value |
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standard deviation |
A stat measure of how much scores in a sample vary around the mean |
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frequency |
the # of times a particular data score occurs in a set of data |
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normal distribution |
a bell curve; a plot of how frequent data that is perfectly symmetrical, with most scores clustering in the middle and only a few scores at the extremes |
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inferential stats |
analyses of data that allow us to test hypotheses and make an inference as to how likely a sample score is to occur in a population |
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t-test |
a stat that compares two means to see whether they could come from the same population |
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ethics |
the rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation- or more simply, standards of right and wrong |
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debriefing |
an explanation of the purposes of a study following data collection |
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institutional review boards |
orgs that eval and research proposals to make sure research involving humans doesn't cause undue harm or distress |
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quasi- experimental design |
research method similar to an experimental design except that it makes use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups |
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