Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Where are the heaviest concentration of self-stimulation sites found?
|
Medial forebrain bundle which passes through the hypothalamus
|
|
|
What neurotransmitter is is released in the medial forebrain bundle?
|
dopamine
|
|
|
What is the cerebral cortex?
|
outer most layer of cerebrum, contains four lobes
|
|
|
What is the cerebrum responsible for?
|
complex mental activities: learning, remembering, consciousness
|
|
|
What is the amygdala?
|
part of limbic system, plays central role in the learning of fear & the processing of basic emotional responses
|
|
|
How is Parkinsons caused?
|
the degeneration of a structure located in the midbrain
|
|
|
What is the midbrain responsible for?
|
integrating sensory processes
is the origin of a system of dopamine releasing neurons |
|
|
Where is the reticular formation located?
|
central core of the brainstem (runs through the hindbrain & midbrain)
|
|
|
What does the reticular formation do?
|
regulates muscle reflexes, breathing, & pain perception
|
|
|
What is the function of serotonin?
|
regulates sleep & wakefulness, eating, aggression
|
|
|
What kind of neuron releases ACh and what is the function of acetlycholine?
|
released by motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles
regulates attention, arousal, memory |
|
|
What are the functions of dopamine?
|
control of voluntary movement, pleasurable emotions
|
|
|
What disorder is associated with overactive dopamine synapses?
|
schizophrenia
|
|
|
Which drugs elevate activity at dopamine synapses?
|
cocaine & amphetamines
|
|
|
Which neurotransmitter's synapses are activated by cocaine & amphetamines?
|
dopamine
|
|
|
What are the functions of GABA?
|
produces only inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
regulates anxiety, plays role in expression of seizures, modulation of sleep |
|
|
What does the EEG (electro-encephalograph) do?
|
monitors electrical activity of brain by attaching electrodes to scalp
|
|
|
What is ESB?
|
electrodes are implanted in the brain, electrical stimulation of the brain, sends a weak current into a brain structure to activate it
|
|
|
How are the electrodes used in ESB implanted in the brain?
|
sterotaxic techniques
|
|
|
What is TMS?
|
transcranial magnetic stimulation, a magnetic coil is held over the head to enhance or depress activity in a specific area
|
|
|
What is a CT scan?
|
computerized tomography, computer enhanced x ray of brain structures
|
|
|
What is a PET scan?
|
positron emission tomography, examines brain function by radioactive chemicals injected in the blood
|
|
|
Which scan is useful in researching how brain and behavior are related?
|
PET
|
|
|
What is the MRI?
|
magnetic resonance imaging, uses magnetic fields to map out brain structures
|
|
|
What does the fMRI monitor that the MRI doesnt?
|
monitors blood and oxygen flow
|
|
|
What are the structures in the hindbrain?
|
cerebellum, medulla, and pons
|
|
|
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
|
coordinates fine muscle movement & balance
|
|
|
What are the parts of the forebrain?
|
thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic stystem, cerebrum
|
|
|
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
|
regulates basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temperature control,
|
|
|
Which nervous system does the hypothalamus control?
|
autonomic nervous system
|
|
|
What is the function of the medulla?
|
regulates unconscious functions (breathing and circulation)
|
|
|
What is the function of the thalamus?
|
relays center for the cortex, handles incoming & outgoing signals
|
|
|
What is the function of the pons?
|
involved in sleep and arousal
|
|
|
What are the functions of the hippocampus and where is it located?
|
part of limbic system in the forebrain, involved in learning and memory
|
|
|
What is the limbic system? Where it is located?
|
network of structures that regulate emotion, memory & motivation, located along border between cerebral cortex & subcortical areas
|
|
|
What does the parietal lobe do?
|
registers sense of touch, integrates visual input, monitors the body's position in space
|
|
|
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
|
auditory processing, comprehension of speech and language
|
|
|
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
|
contains the primary motor cortex which controls the movement of muscles, also contains the prefrontal cortex which is the "executive control system"
|
|
|
What is the Broca's area and where is it?
|
involved in production of speech
located on left side of frontal lobe |
|
|
What is the Wernickes area and where is it?
|
comprehension of language
located in the left temporal lobe |
|
|
What is the soma?
|
the cell body that contains the cell nucleus
|
|
|
What are 4 functions of glial cells?
|
1. supply nourishment to cell
2. remove neuron's waste 3. provide insulation around axons 4. help in development of nervous system in embryo |
|
|
What is the resting potential?
|
negative charge when cell is inactive
|
|
|
What is the action potential?
|
shift in electrical charge (shifts to positive or neutral) that travels along axon
|
|
|
What is the postsynaptic potential?
|
voltage change at receptor site on postsynaptic membrane
|
|
|
What is an excitatory PSP?
|
a positive voltage shift that increases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials
|
|
|
What are the 3 monoamines?
|
dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
|
|
|
Describe the subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system
|
Somatic - made up of nerves connecting to voluntary skeletal muscles and sensory receptors
Autonomic - subdivided into sypathetic & parasymapthetic, nerves connecting to involuntary muscles |
|
|
What is a chromosome?
|
strands of DNA
|
|
|
What is synaptic integration?
|
the summation of synaptic currents which translate synaptic currents into a new nerve impulse in postsynaptic cell
|
|
|
What does spatial summation calculate?
|
how many positive and how many negative currents
|
|
|
What does temporal summation calculate?
|
the frequency of currents
|
|
|
What is a simple reflex pathway?
|
sense organs send electrical signals to sensory neuron, sensory neurons send signals to motor neurons (or interneurons which send signals to motor neurons), motor neurs send signals to muscles
|
|
|
What elements does the visual cortex break elements into?
|
dark-light edges at specific orientations
|
|
|
What is the somatosensory cortex?
|
like a topographical map of body parts
|
|
|
What is the stroop task?
|
read the color of what the word is written in
|
|
|
What is procedural memory?
|
skills, habits, emotions, "priming"
examples: learning to swim, learning |
|
|
What are the divisions of declarative memory?
|
semantic and episodiac
|
|
|
What is semantic memory?
|
factual knowledge
|
|
|
What is episodiac knowledge?
|
theoretical knowledge
|
|
|
How do beta blockers work?
|
blocks norepinephrine which blocks emotionally enhanced material
|
|
|
What is Hebb's rule?
|
cells' that fire together wire together
|
|
|
What occurs during induction of long term potentiation?
|
a substantial and rapid rise of calcium ion concentration in postsynaptic cell
|
|
|
What changes are involved in long term maintenance of LTP?
|
increase in number and/or effectiveness of receptors, growth of new synapses, growth of new dendrites
|
|
|
How is long term memory related to long term potentiation?
|
If LTP is blocked, formation of new memories is blocked
if LTP is enhanced, formation of new memories is enhanced |
|
|
How many psychologists work in applied settings?
|
63%
|
|
|
How do you get a MA?
|
take about 2 years of coursework in one discipline and write a thesis
|
|
|
How do you get a PhD?
|
take 3 years of advanced coursework in one discipline, do internship, do original research contributing to field
|
|
|
What are the 4 ways of knowing?
|
rationalism, tradition/authority, intuition, empiricism
|
|
|
What are the 5 themes that the U of M emphasizes?
|
1. psychology is empirical
2. behavior is determined by multiple causes 3. people's experience of the world is subjective 4. behavior is both a learned adaptation & function of our internal mechanisms 5. people differ in meaningful ways |
|
|
What is an operational definition?
|
describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable
|
|
|
What are 6 principles of critical thinking?
|
1. extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence
2. for claims to be meaningful they must be falsifiable 3. occams razor- use the simplest possible explanation 4. a scientific finding requires repeating 5. rule out rival hypotheses 6. correlation isn't causation |
|
|
What are 3 goals of science?
|
1. description - accurately measure and describe the world
2. prediction - using what we have described to make accurate predictions 3. control - creating environments that turn out the way we want |
|
|
When are rods used?
|
night & peripheral vision
|
|
|
When are cones used?
|
daylight and color vision
|
|
|
What kinds of receptor cells are found in the fovea? How are the cells arranged?
|
cones arranged in a mosaic
|
|
|
What is visual acuity and what cells are primarily responsible for fine details?
|
variation across the retina, the ability to see fine details, cones are primarily responsible
|
|
|
What is the fixation response?
|
moving the eyes with muscles to get the image on the fovea
|
|
|
What is rhodopsin?
|
photo pigment of the rods that can detect a sing photon of light
|
|
|
What are cone photo receptors?
|
photo pigments of the cones that are the foundation of color vision
|
|
|
Describe the organization of retina
|
receptors, intermediate cells, ganglion cells
|
|
|
What is distributed coding?
|
there are many different types of retinal ganglion cells each type is sensitive to one feature (size, color, contrast, etc)
|
|
|
What did Newton discover when he mixed red, green, and blue light?
|
white light
|
|
|
Do we always have veridical perception?
|
No, because our perception is not an exact copy of reality
|
|
|
What are binocular cues?
|
convergence, disparity between right and left eye
|
|
|
What are some monocular cues?
|
aerial perspective (objects appear blue), linear perspective (vanishing point), overlap, shadows
|
|
|
How has evidence been collected about the brain's response to visual illusions?
|
fMRI
|
|
|
What are the 3 devices used to research sleep?
|
elctromyograph (EMG) records muscular activity and tension
electrooculography (EOG) records eye movements EEG |
|
|
How does the sleep cycle evolve through the night?
|
people usually repeat the cycle 4 times, REM periods get longer and NREM periods get shorter
|
|
|
How is REM sleep characterized?
|
low voltage high-frequency waves, resemble beta waves that are present when awake, irregular breathing & pulse rate, muscle tone is relaxed
|
|
|
How is NREM sleep characterized?
|
sleep stages 1-4 varied waves including alpha, theta, and delta waves
|
|
|
What are the three theories of dreaming?
|
1. Freud: principal purpose of dreams is wish fulfillment
2. Cartwright: dreams provide an opportunity to problem solve 3. Hobson & McCarley: dreams are side effects of neural activation |
|
|
What kind of people are most susceptible to hypnosis?
|
people who can become deeply absorbed in an intense experience & people with a vivid imagination
|
|
|
What are 4 effects of hypnosis?
|
1. Anesthesia
2. Sensory distortions & hallucinations 3. Disinhibtion 4. Posthypnotic suggestions & amnesia |
|
|
What are the two basic types of statistics?
|
central tendency and variability
|
|
|
What is place theory?
|
perception of pitch corresponds to the vibration of different portions, or places along the basilar membrane
|
|
|
What is frequency theory?
|
perception of pitch corresponds to the rate or frequency at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates
|
|
|
What is the phi phenomenon?
|
illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession
|
|
|
What is Weber's law?
|
the size of a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the size of the initial stimulus
|
|
|
What is the signal-detection theory?
|
the detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes, which are both influenced by a variety of factors besides stimulus intensity
|
|
|
What is the function of the pathway through the superior colliculus?
|
the perceptions of motion and coordination of visual input with other sensory input
|
|
|
Which lobe contains the somatosensory cortex?
|
parietal lobe
|
|
|
What are the 5 steps of synaptic transmission in order?
|
1. Synthesis
2. Release 3. Binding 4. Inactivation 5. Reuptake |
|
|
What kind of psychologist would use introspection?
|
structuralists
|
|
|
What error did Rosenthal & Fode study?
|
experimenter bias
|
|
|
What are wavelength, amplitude, and purity related to when perceiving light?
|
wavelength: hue
amplitude: brightness purity: saturation |
|
|
What are the basic things that people dream about? What don't people dream about?
|
sex, aggression, misfortune, internal conflict
don't dream about current affairs |
|
|
What are inferential statistics?
|
the statistics used to interpret data and draw conclusions
|
|
|
What psychologist demonstrated that ESB could evoke emotional responses in animals?
|
Olds
|
|
|
Who was the first woman to serve as President of the APA?
|
Mary Calkins
|
|
|
What are afferent and efferent nerve fibers?
|
afferent carry info inward (periphery to central)
efferent carry info outward (central to periphery) |
|
|
What is the volley principle?
|
groups of auditory nerve fibers fire neural impulses in rapid succession creating volleys of impulses
|
|
|
What makes a test valid?
|
measures what it was intended to, the data agrees with the theory
|
|
|
What makes a test reliable?
|
the scores are consistent and repeatable
|
|
|
What makes a test standardized?
|
it follows the rules for creating and interpreting tests
|
