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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Yerkes-Dodson law
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As arousal increases, performance increases, but only up to a point
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Psychodynamic theory on anxiety
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-unresolved anal stage, led to anal retentive personality
-conflict b/w superego and id |
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cognitive behavioral perspective on anxiety
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automatic thought/cognitive distortion causes them to be fearful
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behavioral perspective on anxiety
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conditioned to associate situations with fear
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humanistic/ existential perspective on anxiety
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unable to fulfill potential as a human, gap b/w real self and ideal self- need unconditional positive regard to improve congruence
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Biopsychosocial model
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integrated- no single theoretical model describes behavior
-no behavior w/o functioning brain -also environmental factors -medications don't fix the problem- might help and reduce fear |
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Fear
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an innate alarm response to a dangerous or life-threatening situation
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Anxiety
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the state in which an individual is inordinately apprehensive, tense, and uneasy about the prospect of something terrible happening--> NOT THE SAME AS FEAR
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Dual pathway of stress
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Slower/hormonal process (more chronic stress)
stress->brain->anterior pituitary-> adrenal cortex-> glucocorticoids (cortisol), changes metabolism Immediate response- nerve driven, i.e. feeling of stress in traffic Stress-> brain-> SNS -> adrenal medulla-> norephinephrine and ephineephrine |
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The Locus Coeruleus
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The l.c is the noradrenergic (NE) center in the brain
-it has widespread efferent conditons -increased l.c activity in anxiety is likely to be associated with vigilance, sleep disruption, aggression, and physiological reactivity -NE release is associated with memory consolidation (remember things better in stressful situations) |
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amygdala
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-part of the limbic system located just anterior to the hippocampus
-critical to fear conditioning and is inhibited by the frontal lobe -increased amygdala activation is associated with the startle response, learned fear responding, and physiological reactivity |
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the problem with spiders...
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-certain fears may be processed, acquired and maintained by specialized neural networks called "modules"
-conditioned responses to spiders are acquired more quickly and are more resistant to extinction than other stimuli -preparedness and the role of evolution |
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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an anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety that is not associated with a particular object, situation, or event, but seems to be a constant feature of a person's day-to-day existence
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Diagnostic criteria for GAD
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-difficulty controlling worry or anxiety
-uncontrollable negative thoughts that are concerned with future threats or dangers -3 or more of the following symptoms: -restlessness or feeling on the edge,easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating or mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance |
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Beck's (1997) model of GAD
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-individuals interpret a relatively small number of situations as dangerous or threatening initially
-over time, individuals generalize to a wider ranger of circumstances -the person may develop unrealistic assumptions about the outcome of events or situations |
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Well's model of GAD (1995)
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-core feature of GAD is excess worry
-Two types of worry: -Type 1- worry about every-day events -Type 2- meta-worry, "i'm really worried about my worries..." -type 1 worriers are amplified in GAD, but type 2 worriers are unique to the population |
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Treatment for GAD
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-flooding and response prevention DID NOT work (behavioral approach)
-elements to successful treatment ina CBT approach -cognitive restructuring of anxiety provoking thoughts -relaxation training |
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Psychopharmacological treatment for GAD
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benzodiazapines:
-35% success rate -long term drawbacks- can be addictive -SSRIs are more effective and have a minimal side effect profile -medications seem best in the short term but cognitive therapy is better in the medium and long term |
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Panic Disorder
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frequent and recurrent panic attacks: unexpected (uncued) attacks, situationally bound (cued) attack, situationally predisposed attacks
OR constant worry and apprehension about possible panic attacks |
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Common symptoms of panic disorder
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-heart palpitations, pounding, acceleration, chest pain
-sweating, trembling, shaking -shortness of breath, choking -nausea or abdominal distress -dizziness or feeling light headed -derealization or depersonalization -fear of losing control, going crazy/dying |
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agoraphobia
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intense anxiety about being trapped or stranded in a situation without help if a panic attack occurs
-often associated with panic disorders |
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Suggested explanations of panic disorder
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-neurotransmitters- norepinephrine excess or defective GABA that does not inhibit neurons
-anxiety sensitivity- people with panic disorder tend to interpret cognitive and somatic manifestations of stress and anxiety in a catastrophic manner- causing them to hyperventilate -conditioned fear reactions- circumstance where panic attack happened, associated with panic attack- causes full blown panic attack to develop even before measurable biological changes have occured |
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Treatments for panic
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-relaxation training
-cognitive restructuring- tell them that it will eventually pass -behavioral procedures to control panic symptoms- focus on something else -exposure is often done in session and then used increasingly in a graduated fashion, outside the session -80% of individuals have success with this type of treatment -Benzodiazepines and SSRIs are widely used- more effective in the short term, but poorer in the long term -relapse rates are high (20-60%) when drug therapies are stopped -combined treatments are surprisingly unsuccessful |
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Specific Phobias
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an irrational and unabating fear of a particular object, activity, or situation that provokes an immediate anxiety response, disrupts functioning, and results in avoidance behavior
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Classes of phobias
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agoraphobia: leaving home, crowds, transportations
social phobia: eating in public, signatures, parties animal phobia: include insects like spiders and bugs situational phobia: tunnels, bridges, airplanes, heights blood injury phobia: blood, needles, hospitals |
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Prominent theories of phobias
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-biological preparedness
-conditioning/ behavioral theory- you can learn by observation -cognitive-behavioral theory- over-reactive belief |
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Specific phobia treatments
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exposure techniques:
flooding- client is totally immersed in the sensation of anxiety imaginal flooding- picture a snake systematic desensitization graduated exposure- clients initially confront situations that cause only minor anxiety and the gradually progress toward those that cause greater anxiety |
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obsessive-compulsive disorder
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An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are inordinately time-consuming or that cause significant distress or impairment.
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obsession
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recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses, or images
-these obsessions are excessive and unfounded |
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compulsions
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repetitive behaviors or mental acts intended to reduce distress or prevent a dreaded event
-reduce obsessions |
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4 major dimensions of OCD
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-obsessions about cleanliness
-obsessions associated with checking -obsessions about symmetry and order (i.e. counting) -obsessions about hoarding (i.e. yards full of junk) |
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Mowrer's (1947) two factor theory (OCD)
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fears acquired through classical conditioning but maintained through operant conditioning (removal of aversive stimulus)
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OCD Treatments
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-cognitive challenges to belief structure
-exposure, response prevention, relaxation -TCAs and SSRIs reduce symptoms by approximately 40% |
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social phobia
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fear of being observed by others acting in a way that will be humiliating or embarrassing. They show the following characteristics:
recognizing their own fears as unreasonable low self-esteem underestimating their own abilities |
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trauma
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event involving threat to life or the life of someone close to you, witnessing death, rape
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acute stress disorder
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An anxiety disorder that develops during the month after a traumatic event. Lasts 2-4 weeks.
-Symptoms may include depersonalization, numbing, dissociative amnesia, intense anxiety, hypervigilance, and impairment of everyday functioning. |
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post-traumatic stress disorder
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more than a month after a traumatic event, stress interferes with the individual's ability to function
symptoms fall into 3 related clusters: -re-experiencing, avoidance and numbing, and hyperarousal (always on edge) |
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Therapies for PTSD
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psychological debriefing- encourages people to talk about event- preventative model
-psychotherapy- CBT and psychodynamic-> work well b/c they require the person to talk about trauma in detail, only through fully processing the memory are you given the opportunity to overcome anxiety -pharmacotherapy- SSRIs, antianxiety agents -group therapy- breaks down alienation and isolation |
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dissociative disorders
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breakdown in normally integrated memory, consciousness, and attention
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depersonalization
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an altered experience of the self, ranging from feeling that one's body is not connected to one's mind to the feeling that one is not real
-precipitated by stress -associated with the angular gyrus |
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depersonalization disorder
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a dissociative disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent and persistent episodes of depersonalization
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dissociative identity disorder
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a dissociative disorder, formerly called multiple personality disorder, in which an individual develops more than one self or personality -> generally as a result of traumatic experiences during childhood (sexual abuse)
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alters
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distinct identities or personality states associated with MPD
-usually fewer than 10 identities -centered around host personality -memory gaps- memories not always accessible between personalities |
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theories of dissociative identity disorder
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highly traumatic childhood explanation- child develops alters as a fantasy escape from the horrors of daily life- however, only a small % of children develop diss. disorders
sociocognitive model- reinforced to "think" they have MPD |
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treatment of dissociative identity disorder
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goal: to integrate alters
-become aware of each consciousness -psychoanalytic techniques methods: -hypnotherapy-recall trauma while in a trance -psychoanalytic approaches |
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dissociative amnesia
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unable to remember details and experiences associated with traumatic or stressful events
Localized Amnesia - Most common - Can’t recall any details of the event. Selective Amnesia - Recall some, but not all details. Generalized amnesia - Cannot recall anything at all from past life. Continuous Amnesia - Failure to recall past event from a particular date to the present time. |
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dissociative fugue
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a dissociative disorder in which a person, confused about personal identity, suddenly and unexpectedly travels to another place and is unable to recall past history or identity
-results from trauma, extreme stress -new personality- usually more outgoing than core personality |
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somatoform disorders
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psychological conflicts are translated into physical problems or complaints that cause distress or impairment
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la belle indifference
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once the symptom has moved from the realm of the psychological to the realm of the physical, it no longer poses a threat to the individual's peace of mind. the individual may pay little attention to the symptom and dismiss it as minor even though it may be incapacitiating.
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conversion disorder
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characterized by motor and sensory symptoms that are not the result of a physical disorder (i.e. Balance, paralysis, weakness, numbnesss, blindness, seizures)
(modern day hysteria- Anna. O.) |
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somatization disorder
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characterized by recurring pattern of physical symptoms for which no adequate physical change can be found
-symptoms required: pain symptoms, gastrointestional symptoms- nausea, sexual symptoms-erectile dysfunction, irregular menstruation, pseudo-neurological symptoms-symptom or deficit suggesting a neurological condition not limited to pain-i.e. conversion symptoms-impaired coordination, balance, paralysis, or localized weakness, difficulty swallowing, hallucinations, loss of touch or pain sensation, dissociative symptoms |
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undifferentiated somatoform disorder
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characterised by one or more physical complaints which are not the result of a physical disorder
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pain disorder
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characterized by persistent reports of significant pain that does not have a physical cause
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hypochondirasis
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characterized by pre-occupation with a specific disease- i.e. mild pain in stomach-> thinks its stomach cancer
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body dysmorphic disorder
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characterized by pre-occupation with either an imagined or exaggerated defect in appearance-i.e. shape of nose, very rare
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Malingering
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falsely presenting one or more physical or psychological disorders for personal gain- like compensation, court cases
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factitious disorder
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a disorder characterized by:
-feigning symptoms, deliberately distorting objective measures of symptoms, doing things that might produce actual symptoms -in order to assume the sick role- for sympathy -Munschhausen's syndrome and munschhausen's syndrome by proxy -issues of primary and secondary gain -primary=avoidance of burdensome responsibilities because one is "disabled" secondary= the sympathy and attention the sick person receives from other people |
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treating somatoform disorders
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-establish a trusting relationship
-providing support that may replace the need to be sick -reduce stress and anxiety- mediation, relaxation -ruling out physical disorders |
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Is MPD a valid diagnosis
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yes-reliable construct validity, caused by traumatic event-unable to process, brain basis
no- "made-up" for attention reasons, "sick role", therapists cause multiple personalities to exist, hypnotic state, social construct |
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Euphoria
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a feeling state that is more cheerful and elated than average, possibly even ecstatic
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Euthymic
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normal, average mood state
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Dysphoric mood
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unpleasant feelings such as sadness or irritability
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Major Depressive Episode
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an episode is a time-limiting period during which specific intense symptoms of a disorder are evident
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Types of Depression
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melancholic- low energy, increased sleep, increased appetitie
-lose interest in most activities or find it difficult to react to events in their lives that would customarily bring pleasure agitated- nervous energy, poor sleep, decreased appetite seasonal- develop at about the same time each year, usually for about 2 months during the fall or winter, then return to normal functioning. -most likely due to less light in the winter months |
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Major Depressive Disorder
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Acute, but time-limited periods of depressive symptoms
Psychological effects: -loss of interest, guilt, suicidal thoughts, depressed mood, poor concentration Physical Signs: -sleep is poor -low energy -poor appetite SIGECAPS -associated symptoms include negative view of self and indecisiveness and hopelessness Duration: 2 weeks- 6 months -Half may have only one major episode -20% of chronic cases have recurrent severe episodes -lifetime prevalence- 13% for men, 21% for women |
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Is Prozac Safe?
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For: has biological basis-affect only serotonin, produce fewer side effects than older antidepressants, some side effects, such as anxiety, loss of sex drive, and abdominal distress are due to depression itself and not the drug has a success rate, increase in energy, pleasure, hope, less sensitive
Against: over-prescribed, side effects- sexual dyfunction, violent behavior, withdrawl, suicidal attempts due to high energy but mood doesn't change, neurological effects- decrease in dopamine due to increase in serotonin, facial ticks- due to neurological damage, family doctors pressure to prescribe |
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Dysthmic Disorder
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Have symptoms of major depression, but not as deeply or as intensely
-chronic: have symptoms for at least 2 years during which they are symptom free for no more than 2 months -lifetime prevalence- 8% women, 5% men -symptoms: low energy, low self-esteem, poor concentration, decision-making difficulty, feelings of hopelessness, and disturbances of appetite and sleep. (same as major depressive disorder- but less intense for longer periods) |
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Major Depressive Disorder vs. Dysthymic Disorder: Differential Diagnosis
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MDD: 5 or more symtoms including sadness or loss of interest or pleasure
-at least 2 weeks in duration DD: 3 or more symptoms including depressed mood -at least 2 years in duration |
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What Depression is not...
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-grief reaction
-not result of medical illness -not substance related |
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Bipolar Disorder
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A mood disorder involving manic episodes and experiences of heightened mood, possibly alternating with major depressive episodes
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Manic episode
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-racing thoughts/pressure speech/flight of ideas-Get so many ideas they can’t keep them straight in their head, so excited they can’t get the words out of their mouths, Ideas are fleeting and they go from one to another
-grandiose sense of self- think they are jesus, budda-Occasionally think they are someone famous but more often believe that they have special skills or abilities -may hear voices -highly energetic- will not sleep for 3-4 nights, always doing things- painting ceiling, rearranging furniture -increase in risky, pleasurable activities-i.e. theft, risky sex, spending money in excess |
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Bipolar I disorder
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one or more manic episodes and maybe depressive episodes
-duration varies |
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Bipolar II disorder
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One or more major depressive episodes and at least one hypomanic (mildly manic) episode
-duration varies |
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Cyclothymic Disorder
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-dramatic and recurrent mood shifts
-not as intense as bipolar -chronic condition-lasts at least 2 years -may feel productive and creative-but others regard them as mood, irritable -more hypomania (w/ mild depressive episodes) than bipolar mania -risk of developing bipolar is higher |
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Genetics of Mood Disorders
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-family studies
-identical twins-67% concordance -fraternal twins-20% concorance -Adoption studies: 31 % adopted have biological parent with mood disorder -most compelling evidence of biological basis |
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Biochemical Factors of Mood Disorders
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Monoamine Depletion Model
-Catecholamine Hypothesis (norepinephrine- too much=mania or too little= depression) -Indolamine Hypothesis (serotonin deficiency produces depression) -Stress hormone: Heightened cortisol levels -Controversy- worked backwards |
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Psychodynamic theories on mood disorders
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-rejection or loss of parental love
-defensive mechanisms -mania is a unconscious defense to despair and gloom |
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Lewinsohn's Behavioral View of Depression
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Stressor leads to reduction in reinforcers-> person withdraws-> reinforcers further reduced-> more withdrawal and depression
-precipitated by stressful event! (diathesis stress model) -disrupts ability to carry on with normal lives -low rate of response-contingent positive reinforcement (behaviors that increase in frequency as the result of performing actions that produce pleasure |
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Behavioral theories of mood disorders
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Lewinsohn:
-stressful life events-lead to mood changes -lack of positive reinforcement -lack of social skills- failure in interpersonal relationships Seligman: -learned helplessness |
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Seligman
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-found that when dogs were unable to escape electrical shocks, they simply gave up trying, even when escape was later possible.
Learned Helplessness- the passive resignation produced by repeated exposure to negative events that are perceived to be unavoidable -uncontrollable bad events-> perceived lack of control->learned helplessness |
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Cognitive Triad
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A negative view of
1. the self 2. the world 3. the future -characteristic of major depressive thought -perpetuates itself through a cyclical process |
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Cognitive Perspective of depression
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develop depressive disorders if they have been sensitized by early experiences to react in a particular way to a particular kind of loss or stressful event
-Individuals with depression tend to see things as internally causes, stable (rather than temporary), and global (rather than specific) |
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Cognitive Distortions
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-drawing erroneous or negative conclusions from experience
-overgeneralizing-true in one case, always true, temporal causality-true in the past, always true, excessive responsibility-( for all bad things), catastrophizing-always thinking the worst, dichotomous thinking-only seeing extremes -makes the depressed person ascribe negative meanings to past and present events and make gloomy predictions about the future |
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Medications for Mood Disorders
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-TCAs (Tri-cyclic antidepressants):
elavil, tofranil block reuptake of catecholamines (norepinephrine/dopamine) -effective in people with disturbed sleep and appetite -MAOs (Monoamine oxidase inhibitors) nardil, parnate destroy MAO, increase catecholamines serious side effects (diet restrictions) -SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Paxil, Prozac, Zoloft Block reuptake of serotonin more selective than the others side effects: nausea, agitation, sexual dysfunction In General: -take about 2-6 weeks to see improvement in symptoms -urged to remain on med for 4-5 months -Lithium (for Bipolar Disorder) moderates mod state important to start medication early side effects-CNS disturbances, GI distress, cardiac effects antidepressants may be used when the individual is in a depressed episode. Rapid cyclers might receive anticonvulsants. |
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Other treatment for mood disorders
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-Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
"shock therapy"- induced seizures-changes in neurotransmitter receptors -very effective and fast! -side effects-memory loss for a couple of days- but not permanent -used if medication is slow or ineffective in alleviating symptoms -light therapy: generally for seasonal affective disorder -"light boxes" |
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Schizophrenia
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A disorder with a range of psychotic symptoms involving disturbances in content of thought, form of thought, perception, affect, sense of self, motivation, behavior and interpersonal functioning
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psychosis
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loss of contact with reality-i.e. hallucinations and delusions
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Schizophrenia history
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Kraepelin- "dementia praecox" (degeneration of the brain at a relatively young age)-> led to disintegration of the entire personality
-hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavioral disturbances traced to physical abnormaility Bleur- appropriate name= "schizophrenia" -lack of integration of individual's psychological functions -Four A's: -affect-disorder of the experience and expression of emotion- i.e. inappropriate laughter in a sad situation, flat expression -association- thought disorder, as might be evident through rambling and incoherent speech -ambivalence- the inability to make or follow through on decisions -autism- the tendency to maintain an idiosyncratic style of egocentric thought and behavior (disconnection) Schneider- "first rank symptoms" must be present- hearing voices that comment on one's actions and believing that an outside agent is inserting thoughts into one's mind- however, no longer considered valid bc these symptoms are also associated with certain forms of mood disorders |
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Phases of schizophrenia
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Active- still having symptoms- delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disturbed behavior, and negative symptoms (or on medication)
Prodromal-prior to active phase-progressive deterioration in social and interpersonal functioning Residual-follows active phase, off medication w/o hallucinations but some indications of disturbance similar to predromal phase |
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Courses of Schizophrenia
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continuous- gradual onset and very poor prognosis, chronic form-never goes away
episodic (recurring episodes)- episodes of positive symptoms (hallucinations)- but only negative symptoms (flat affect) in between- normal functioning single episode- major episode-> medication -nearly complete recovery with no other episodes |
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Positive symptoms
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Abundance of behavior or action
-exaggerations or distortions of normal thoughts, emotions, and behavior -i.e. delusions-Beliefs that are grossly out of touch with reality hallucinations-A false perception not corresponding to the objective stimuli present in the environment disturbed speech-Tangential, circumstantial, illogical, incomprehensible disturbed behavior-innapropriate, move in odd ways, catatonic |
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Negative Symptoms
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Symptoms that involve functioning below the level of normal behavior
-i.e. affective flattening (relatively motionless body language and facial reactions, as well as minimal eye contact) alogia( lack in spontaneity) avolution (lack of initiative or unwillingness to act) anhedonia (loss of interest of inability to experience pleasure) |
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Catatonic Type
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Characterized by at least two bodily movement abnormalities
-motor immobility or stupor -purposeless motor activity -mutism -peculiarities of movement or odd mannerisms and grimacing -echolalia (echo what you say) or echopraxia (echo what you do) |
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Disorganized Type
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-Characterized by a combination of symptoms including disorganized speech and behavior and flat or inappropriate affect
-Even delusions and hallucinations lack a coherent theme -Onset tends to occur earlier in life and interferes with personality development |
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Paranoid Type
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Characterized by preoccupation with one or more bizarre delusions, or with auditory hallucinations that are related to a particular theme of being persecuted or harassed
-without disorganized speech or disturbed behavior -most common type |
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Undifferentiated Type
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Characterized by a complex of schizophrenic symptoms that does not meet the criteria for other types of schizophrenia
-may show symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, incoherence, or disorganized behavior, but does not meet the criteria for the paranoid (systematic bizarre delusions), catatonic (abnormalities of movement), or disorganized (disturbed or flat affect) types. |
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Residual Type
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Applies to people previously diagnosed as schizophrenic if they no longer show prominent psychotic symptoms but still show lingering signs of the disorder-such as emotional dullness, social withdrawal, eccentric behavior, or illogical thinking
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Genetic/Environmental Factors in schizophrenia
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-50% genetic (identical twins)- diathesis stress model
-also-in-utero environmental factors- but unlikely to occur w/o vulnerablity: -birth trauma -viral infections -nutritional issues- starving mom -also early childhood conflicts-stress |
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Gender/ Age in schizophrenia
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men- develop b/w 18 and 25
-more likely to experience negative symptoms such as flat affect and social withdrawl women- develop b/w 25 and mid 30s -more likely to have paranoid delusions, hallucinations, and intense affective symptoms |
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Diathesis stress model
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predisposing factors (the diathesis) interact with environmental experiences (the stress) to produce schizophrenic symptoms in a subset of individuals
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Physiological Causes of Schizophrenia
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-cerebral atrophy- loss of brain tissue
-neurodevelopmental hypothesis-disruptions of normal development may increase risk of schizophrenia -dopamine hypothesis-high levels of dopamine in the limbic system cause positive symptoms and too little dopamine in the frontal lobes cause negative symptoms. |
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Biological Treatment of Schizophrenia
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Neuroleptics (60% effective)
-sedating qualities and reduce the frequency and severity of psychotic symptoms -Prolixin, stelazine, trilafon, serentil, thorazine, mellaril, haldol -These decrease dopamine levels -Side effects and compliance are real issues- uncontrollable shaking, muscle tightening, and involuntary eye movements (due to accumulation of dopamine) -long-term- irreversible neurological disorder- tardive dyskinesia- uncontrollable movements in various parts of their body Atypical Antipsychotics (2nd generation) -Clozaril, Risperidal, Zyprexa, Serlect. -better side effect profile- althought still some- weight gain, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia -more directly effect serotonin levels -compliance very important -don't cure sz, only alleviate symtpms |
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How Medications for schizophrenia work
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-Dopamine clearly plays an important role
-antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists (i.e, they lower dopamine levels). -Therefore they help positive symptoms but not negative symptoms (may make those worse!) -They can create Parkinsonian side-effects -Amphetamines (dopamine agonist) can cause psychotic symptoms. |
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Psychological Perspective of Schizophrenia
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-There is no credible theory that proposes that psychological phenomena such as life experiences, developmental difficulties, interpersonal problems, or emotional difficulties directly cause schizophrenia.
-However, psychologists have found factors influencing whether the likelihood that the schizophrenic individual will act in a “normal” way or not: -Failure to learn important social cues. -Lack of attention from others. -Hospitalization exacerbates maladaptive behaviors. -Stress precipitates episodes |
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Environmental contributions for schizophrenia
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family dynamics
expressed emotion (E-E) – family member’s expression of hostility, combined with overinvolvement in the person’s life is likely to be associated with the development of schizophrenia. |
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Psychosocial Treatment
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Psychotherapy
Social Skills Training-set goals, role-play scenarios, feedback, homework, reports Inpatient care Clubhouses Family Work |
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An integrated Rx Approach to Schizophrenia
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Rapport-matching breathing rhythm, making eye contact
Medication Reality testing Judgment |
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Other psychotic disorders
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3 Features:
-Each is a form of psychosis representing a serious break with reality. -The condition is not caused by a disorder of cognitive impairment like Alzheimer’s. -Mood disturbance is not a primary symptom. Further, each has a different set of proposed causes, symptom picture, and recommended course of treatment. |
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Brief Psychotic Disorder
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A disorder characterized by the sudden onset of psychotic symptoms that are limited to a period of less than a month.
-symptoms often reactive, appearing after a stressful event and eventually the person returns to normal functioning -sometimes no apparent stressor -sometimes postpartum onset -Experts believe most cases result from psychological factors. -The nature of the treatment depends on the nature of the stressor, when one is evident.-usually a combination of medication and psychotherapy -remove person from stressful situation |
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Schizophreniform Disorder
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A disorder with essentially the same symptoms as schizophrenia, but lasts less than 6 months (and more than 1).
-Researchers have found people with this disorder to have larger ventricles in the brain, a phenomenon also observed with schizophrenia. -Most need medication to help bring their symptoms under control. -For some, the symptoms go away spontaneously. |
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Schizoaffective Disorder
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Schizophrenia with co-occurring mood disorder
-A psychotic disorder involving the experience of a major depressive episode, a manic episode, or a mixed episode while also meeting the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia. Clinicians are sometimes reluctant to use this diagnosis, because it has no systematic treatment protocol. Pharmacological intervention is trial-and-error |
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Delusional Disorders
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People with delusional disorders have a single striking psychotic symptom: an organized system of nonbizarre false beliefs.
-Erotomanic-have a delusion that another person is deeply in love with them (John Hinkley Jr.) -Grandiose-characterized by the delusion they are extremely important -Jealous-characterized by the delusion that one’s sexual partner is unfaithful, leads to death often -Persecutory-believe they are being harassed or oppressed -Somatic-believe they have a dreaded disease or are dying (but have no symptom-different than hypo) |
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Shared Psychotic Disorder
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In shared psychotic disorder, the person develops a delusional system as a result of a close relationship with a psychotic person who is delusional.
Intervention calls for: -Separating them. -Focusing on personal issues related to this person’s vulnerability to being dominated. -Bolstering the client’s self-esteem. -but individuals rarely seek treatment bc they dont perceive themselves as being disturbed -usually among members of the same family |
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endophenotypes
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biobehavior abnormalities that are linked to genetic and neurobiological causes of mental illness
-heritable traits that are not direct symptoms of the disorder but have been found to be associated with the condition -associated w/ schizophrenia |
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social causation hypothesis
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membership in lower socioeconomic strata may actually cause schizophrenia
-highly stressful environment- may elict schizophrenic symtpoms |
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downward social drift hypothesis
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sz develops at equal rates across a variety of social, cultural, and economic backgrounds, but once people develop the disorder, their economic standing declines precipitously- due to debilitating symptoms of sz and prevent individuals from pursuing economic success
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Are antipsychotic medications the treatment of choice for people with psychosis
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For: reduce likelihood that people w/ sz will be rehospitalized, one of the safest groups of drugs, tardive dyskinesia- affects less than 20%, changes brain in an effective way
Against: make people chronicall ill, cause an increase in dopamine receptors- associated with tardive dyskinesia and increased vulnerability to psychosis, do not fix brain abnormalities |
