Psych Disorders For Final

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diathesis-stress model

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predisposition to develop a disorder (genetics, biology, trauma, etc.) but actual appearance of disorder depends on what stressors are encountered

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medical model

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psych disorders are diseases

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statistical abnormality

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deviation from typical behavior of one's group (some rare behaviors are desirable)

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personal abnormality

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personal distress

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biopsychosocial model for causes of psychopathology

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mental disorders seen as caused by combination of interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

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comorbidity

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co-occurance of multiple disorders

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etiology

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underlying cause that produces signs and symptoms

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diagnosis

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figuring out what syndrome/disease is present by looking at patterns of symptoms

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prognosis

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how patient will progress, and if a change of recovery

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DSM-IV-TR

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1. Sxs involving disturbance in behavior, thoughts, emotions.
2. Sxs cause significant personal distress or impairment
3. Sxs stem from some dysfunction (biological, psychological, or both)

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Axis I of DSM-IV-TR

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clinical disorders (sxs cause distress)

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Axis II

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longer-term developmental and personality disorders (mental retardation)

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panic

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disregulation of fight or flight system, resulting in overwhelming fear

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agoraphobia

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fear of public places, or having a panic attach in public, fear of being separated from safe place

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generalized anxiety disorder

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diffuse, free-floating anxiety (more than 6 months), results in worry and physiological sxs (stomach ache, etc.)

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anhedonia

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loss of capacity to experience or gain pleasure (from enjoyable experiences)

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learned helplessness

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learn to behave helplessly by avoiding unpleasant/harmful circumstances, even when opportunity is restored. Clinical depression may result from perceived absence of control over situation.

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Major Depressive Disorder

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~20% lifetime prevalence, more females....vegetative symptoms, sleep, appetite/weight change, problems with decision making

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manic depression

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bipolar disorder, cycling between

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dysthymia

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depressive symptoms that occur for most of day, more days that not, for at least 2 years.

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Cyclothymia

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mild bipolar disorder

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Seasonal Affective Disorder

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depression in fall/winter, mania in spring/summer

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schizophrenia

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splite mind, disintegration of mental functions

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hallucinations

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seeing/hearing something that others don't

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delusions

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fixed idea or belief that is obviously untrue or unlikely

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Schizophrenia positive symptoms

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disorganized thoughts, hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech/behavior

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Schizophrenia negative symptoms

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lack of speech, flat affect, social withdrawl, absence of pleasure and motivation

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catatonia

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symptoms of psychic and motor disturbances. Associated w/bipolar disorder, depression, PTSD, etc.

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paranoid Sch

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large amounts of dopamine agonists

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catatonic Sch

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extremes of behavior...unable to speak, move or respond, then overexcited and may involuntarily imitate sounds/movements of others

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disorganized Sch

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illogical and incoherent thoughts and behaviors

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dopamine hypothesis

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increased dopamine activity in the brain, maybe dopamine-serotonin interaction

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concordance rates

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presence of same trait in both twins...used to determine genetic link of diseases

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expressed emotions

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emotions that relatives have towards family member with disorder (hostile, critical, emotionally over-involved)

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dissociative amnesia

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sudden loss of memory for significant personal behavior

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dissociative fugue

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sudden loss of memory for one's personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and assumption of new identity

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dissociative identity disorder

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presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual's behavior

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Personality disorders: odd-eccentric cluster

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paranoid, schizoid

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Personality disorders: dramatic/erratic cluster

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borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

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Personality disorders: anxious/inhibited personality cluster

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avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

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Antisocial Personality Disorders: underarousal theory

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abnormally low levels of cortical arousal (risk taking done to lower boredom)

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Antisocial Personality Disorders: fearlessness hypothesis

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low levels of anxiety, don't learn from mistakes or suffer from anticipatory anxiety

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MAOIs

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more norepinephrine in synapse, dietary restrictions or potential for death

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TCAs

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higher levels of norepinephrine and serotonin available

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SSRIs

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affect only serotonin

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lithium

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majority respond, dry mouth...toxic level is close to therapeutic dose

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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

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all neurotransmitter levels, short seizures, multiple treatments, rapid acting but only for SEVERE cases that don't respond to medicine

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atypical antipsychotic drugs

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- also for Schz, decrease positive symptoms, but also reduce negative symptoms. Fatal blood disorder and motor side effects.

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classic antipsychotic drugs

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for schz, decrease positive sxs by blocking dopamine receptors, side effects are drowsiness and fatigue

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OCEAN

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Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

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id

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biological, unconscious sexual and aggressive urges, operates on pleasure principle

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ego

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functions to keep id in check until suitable object for instinct is obtained, operates on reality, principles

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superego

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internalization of values, instilled by parents, conscience and ego ideal

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defense mech - rationalization

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explaining unacceptable behavior or feeling in rational/logical manner, avoiding true explanation.

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defense mech - reaction formulation

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defending against unacceptable impulses by acting opposite to them

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defense mech - projection

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unconsciously attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or impulses to another person

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defense mech - regression

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under conditions of stress, behaving consistently with an earlier developmental stage

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psychosexual stages

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oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

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self-actualizating tendency

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human motive toward reaching our inner potential

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unconditional positive regard

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attitude of nonjudgmental acceptance toward another person

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existential approach

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school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual's ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death

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locus of control

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Julian Rotter - extent to which individuals believe that they can control events that affect them (what causes good or bad results in life)