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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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problem solving
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active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable
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functional fixedness
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the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use
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mental set
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when people persist in using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past
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insight
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when people suddenly discover the correct solution to a problem after struggling with it for a while
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trial and error
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trying possible solution sequencially and discarding those that are in error until one works
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heuristic
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a guiding principle or "rule of thumb" used in solving problems or making decisions
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field dependence-independence
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an individuals tendency to rely primarily on external vs internal frames of reference when orienting themselves in space
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decision making
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evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
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risky decision making
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making choices under conditions of uncertainty
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availability heuristic
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basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
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representativeness heuristic
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involves basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event
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conjunction faculty
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when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone
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gambler's fallacy
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the belief that the odds of a chance event increases if the even hasn't occurred recently
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mental age
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he or she displayed the mental ability of a child of that chronological (actual) age
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intelligence quotient (IQ)
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a child's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100
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normal distribution
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a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population
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deviation IQ scores
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located respondents precisely within the normal distribution
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percentile score
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indicates the percentage of people who score at or below the score one has obtained
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reliability
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the measurement consistency of a test
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correlation coefficient
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a numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables
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validity
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the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
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heritability ratio
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an estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance
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reaction range
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these genetically determined limits on IQ (or other traits)
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creativity
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the generation of ideas that are original, novel and useful
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convergent thinking
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one tries to narrow down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer
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divergent thinking
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one tries to expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions
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reification
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when a hypothetical, abstract concept is given a name and then treated as though it were a concrete, tangible object
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