Psych Def 7

Front 1

encoding

Back 1

forming a memory card

Front 2

storage

Back 2

maintaining encoded material in memory over time

Front 3

retrieval

Back 3

recovering information from memory stores

Front 4

attention

Back 4

focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

Front 5

levels of processing theory

Back 5

proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes

Front 6

elaboration

Back 6

linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

Front 7

dual-coding theory

Back 7

memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall

Front 8

sensory memory

Back 8

preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second

Front 9

short-term memory (STM)

Back 9

a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds

Front 10

rehearsal

Back 10

the process in which repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information

Front 11

chunk

Back 11

a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit

Front 12

long-term memory (LTM)

Back 12

an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time

Front 13

flashbulb memory

Back 13

usually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

Front 14

schema

Back 14

an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event in abstracted from previous experience with the object or event

Front 15

semantic network

Back 15

consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts

Front 16

connectionist/parallel distributed processing (PDP) models

Back 16

assumes that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks

Front 17

the misinformation effect

Back 17

occurs when participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post event information

Front 18

source monitoring

Back 18

the process of making inferences about the origins of memory

Front 19

nonsense syllables

Back 19

consonant-vowel-consonant arrangements that do not correspond to words

Front 20

source-monitoring error

Back 20

occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source

Front 21

forgetting curve

Back 21

graphs retention and forgetting over time

Front 22

recall measure

Back 22

requires participants to reproduce information on their own without any cues

Front 23

recognition measure (of retention)

Back 23

requires participants to select previously learned information from an array of options

Front 24

relearning measure (of retention)

Back 24

requires participants to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before

Front 25

decay theory

Back 25

proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time

Front 26

interference theory

Back 26

proposes that people forget information because of competition from other material

Front 27

retroactive interference

Back 27

occurs when new information impairs retention of previously learned information

Front 28

proactive interference

Back 28

occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information

Front 29

encoding specificity principle

Back 29

the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code

Front 30

repression

Back 30

keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious

Front 31

retrograde amnesia

Back 31

when a person loses memories for events that occur prior to the injury

Front 32

anterograde amnesia

Back 32

when a person loses memories for events that occur after the injury

Front 33

consolidation

Back 33

a hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory

Front 34

declarative memory system

Back 34

handles factual information

Front 35

procedural memory system

Back 35

houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses and emotional memories

Front 36

episodic memory system

Back 36

made up of chronological or temporally dated, recollection of personal experiences

Front 37

semantic memory system

Back 37

contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned

Front 38

prospective memory

Back 38

involves remembering to perform actions in the future

Front 39

retrospective memory

Back 39

involves remembering events from the past or previous information

Front 40

mnemonic devices

Back 40

strategies for enhancing memory

Front 41

overlearning

Back 41

continued rehearsal of material after you first appear to have mastered it

Front 42

serial-position effect

Back 42

occurs when subjects show better recall for items at the beginning and the end of a list than the items in the middle

Front 43

link method

Back 43

involves forming a mental image of an item to be remembered in a way that links them together

Front 44

the method of loci

Back 44

involves taking an imaginary walk along a familiar path where images of items to be remembered are associated with certain locations

Front 45

hindsight bias

Back 45

the tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how the events actually turned out