Psych Def 6

Front 1

learning

Back 1

any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience

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classical conditioning

Back 2

a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus (sometimes called pavolovian conditioning)

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unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Back 3

a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

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unconditioned response (UCR)

Back 4

an unlearned reaction to a UCS that occurs w/out previous conditioning

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conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 5

a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, aquired the capacity to evoke a conditional response

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conditioned response (CR)

Back 6

a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

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elicited

Back 7

drawn forth

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trial

Back 8

any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli (in classical conditioning)

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acquisition

Back 9

the initial stage of learning something

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extinction

Back 10

the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

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spontaneous recovery

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the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus

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stimulus regeneration

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when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to the new stimuli

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stimulus discrimination

Back 13

when an organism that has learned a response to a specific does not respond in the same way to a new stimuli that is similar to the original stimulus

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higher-order conditioning

Back 14

a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an UCS

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operant conditioning

Back 15

a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences

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reinforcement

Back 16

when an event following a response increases an organisms tendency to make that response

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skinner box

Back 17

a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled

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emit

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send forth

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reinforcement contingencies

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the circumstances or rules that determin whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers

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cumulative recorder

Back 20

creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a skinner box as a function of time

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shaping

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the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

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resistance to extinction

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when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of reinforcer for it has been terminated

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discrimination stimuli

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cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probably consequences (reinforcement or non-reinforcement) of a response

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primary reinforcers

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events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

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secondary or conditional reinforcers

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events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

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schedule of reinforcement

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a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time

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continuous reinforcement

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when every instance of a designated response is reinforced

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intermittent reinforcement

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when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

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fixed ratio (FR) schedule

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the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses

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variable ratio (VR) schedule

Back 30

the reinforcer is given after a variable number of non-reinforced responses

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fixed interval (FI) schedule

Back 31

the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed

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variable interval (VI) schedule

Back 32

the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed-- interval length varies around a predetermined average

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positive reinforcement

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when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

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negative reinforcement

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when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus

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escape learning

Back 35

an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation

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avoidance learning

Back 36

an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occuring

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punishment

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when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response

Front 38

latent learning

Back 38

learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs

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observational learning

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when an organism's response is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models

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behavior modification

Back 40

a systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning

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behavior contract

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a written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program

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evaluative conditioning

Back 42

efforts to transfer the emotion to attached to a UCS to a new CS