Psych Conditioning Test

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learning

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A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experiance

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Habituation

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An organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to i

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Associative Learning

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Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning)

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Classical conditioning

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A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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Behaviorism

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The veiw that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

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Uncondtioned response (UR)

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in classical condition, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) syuch as salivation when food is in the mouth

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unconditional Stimulus (US)

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in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionaly-naturally and automatically-triggers a response

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Conditioned response (CR)

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In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) Stimulus (CS)

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Conditioned stimulus (CS)

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in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus (CS), comes to trigger a conditioned response

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Acquistion

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In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

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HIgher-order response

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a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experiance is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus. For creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone(Also called second order conditioning)

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Extinction

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The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in Classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

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Spontaneous Recovery

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The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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Generalization

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The tendency, once a response has been conditioned stimulus to elict similar responses

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Discrimination

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In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

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Learned Helplessness

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The helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

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Respondent behavior

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behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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Operant conditioning

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A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminshed if followed by a punisher.

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Law of Effect

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Thorndikes principal that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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Operant Chamber

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In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or wated reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking

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shaping

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an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

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Discriminative stimulus

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in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

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reinforcer

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in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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Positive reinforcement

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increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli Such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

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Negative REinforcement

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increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when rremoved after a response, strengthens response. (Note: NEgative reinforcement is NOT punishment).

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Primary reinforcer

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An innately reinforcer stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need

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Condtioned reinforcer

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a stimulus that gains its reforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

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continuous reinforcement

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reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

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reinforcing a response only part if the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

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Fixed-ratio schedule

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in operant conditioning, a reinforcement scedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

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Variable-ratio scedule

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In operant conditioning, a reinforcement scedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable number of responses.

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Fixed-interval scedule

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in operant condtitioning a reinforcement scedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

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Variable-ratio scedule

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In operant conditioning, a reinforcement scedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable number of responses.

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Variable-interval Scedule

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In operant conditioning a reinforcement scedule that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed

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Fixed-interval scedule

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in operant condtitioning a reinforcement scedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

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punishment

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an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

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Variable-interval Scedule

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In operant conditioning a reinforcement scedule that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed

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Cognitive map

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a mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

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punishment

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an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

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Cognitive map

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a mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

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Variable-ratio scedule

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In operant conditioning, a reinforcement scedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable number of responses.

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Fixed-interval scedule

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in operant condtitioning a reinforcement scedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

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Variable-interval Scedule

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In operant conditioning a reinforcement scedule that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed

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punishment

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an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

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Cognitive map

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a mental representation of the layout of ones enviornment for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

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Latent learning

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Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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Insight

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A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

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Intrinsic motivation

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a desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake

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Extrinsic motivation

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a desire to preform a behavior to recieve promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

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Observational learning

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learning by mobserving others. also called social learning

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modeling

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the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

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Mirror Neurons

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Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of anothers action may enable imitation and empathy

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Prosocial Behavior

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Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior