Psych Col. Test 2 Ch. 6

Front 1

conditioning

Back 1

the ways in which events and behaviors become acossiated with one another

Front 2

classical conditioning

Back 2

basic form of learning in which one stimulus predicts the occurance of another stimulus or event

Front 3

Ivan Pavlov

Back 3

dog- salivation- bell-food

Front 4

reflex

Back 4

an unlearned response ex:salivation

Front 5

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Back 5

a stimulus which naturally elicits a reflexive behavior...learning is not necessary ex: food

Front 6

unconditioned response (UCR)

Back 6

the behavior that results from the unconditioned stimulus

Front 7

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 7

the stimulus that is paired with the UCS to elicit the CR ex: bell

Front 8

conditioned Response (CR)

Back 8

Whatever response the CS elicits as a product of learning

Front 9

acquisition

Back 9

the process by which the CR is first elicited and gradually increases in frequency over repeated trials.

Front 10

extinction

Back 10

the weakening of the CR in the abscence of the CS.

Front 11

spontaneous recovery

Back 11

the reappearance of a previously extinguished CR

Front 12

stimulus generalization

Back 12

automatic response to stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which it is conditioned to

Front 13

stimulus dicrimination

Back 13

the process by which an organism learns to respond differently to stimuli that are distinct from the CS

Front 14

Rescorla

Back 14

tone and shock dog experiment

Front 15

fear conditioning

Back 15

watson and Rayner- neutral stimulus with fear-provoking stimulus- Little Albert

Front 16

Siegel

Back 16

drug use and situation

Front 17

thorndike

Back 17

cats traped in boxes- getting out lead to pleasure

Front 18

law of effect

Back 18

behavior is controlled by its consequences- response that is followed by good consequenses is more probable than a response that is followed by bad consequences

Front 19

operant conditioning

Back 19

manipulating the consequences of an organisms behavior to see what effect it has on subsequent behavior

Front 20

operant

Back 20

any behavior that is emitted by an organism and can be classified in terms of how it effects the environment

Front 21

reinforcer

Back 21

any stimulus that dependant on a behavior increases that behavior over time

Front 22

appetitive

Back 22

reinforcement you like

Front 23

aversive

Back 23

reinforcement you don't like

Front 24

positive reinforcement

Back 24

giving good reinforcement for a behavior

Front 25

negative reinforcement

Back 25

taking away something bad in response to a certain behavior

Front 26

operant extinction

Back 26

if reinforcement for a behavior doesn't happen, that behavior will become exctinct

Front 27

punisher

Back 27

a stimulus dependant on a response decreases the probability of that response over time

Front 28

positive punishment

Back 28

a behavior is followed by a bad stimulus (ex: touching a hot stove - pain)

Front 29

negative punishment

Back 29

a behavior is followed by the removal of a good stimulus (child hits brother- allowance is removed)

Front 30

discriminative stimuli

Back 30

certain stimuli that precede a particular response

Front 31

operant extinction

Back 31

if reinforcement for a behavior doesn't happen, that behavior will become exctinct

Front 32

punisher

Back 32

a stimulus dependant on a response decreases the probability of that response over time

Front 33

positive punishment

Back 33

a behavior is followed by a bad stimulus (ex: touching a hot stove - pain)

Front 34

negative punishment

Back 34

a behavior is followed by the removal of a good stimulus (child hits brother- allowance is removed)

Front 35

discriminative stimuli

Back 35

certain stimuli that precede a particular response

Front 36

three-term contingency

Back 36

the sequence of discriminative stimulus-behavior consequence

Front 37

Patterson

Back 37

coercion model for antiscocial behavior

Front 38

primary reinforcers

Back 38

ex: food and water
reinforcing properties are biologically determined

Front 39

conditioned reinforcers

Back 39

neutral stimuli that become associated with primary reinforcers and function for operant responses

Front 40

Premack

Back 40

a more probable behavior can be used to reinforce a less probable one

Front 41

scheduales of reinforcement

Back 41

ex: slot machines- win sometimes
raise hand in class- get called on sometimes

Front 42

partial reinforcement effect

Back 42

responses resulting from partial reinforcement are more resistant to exctinction than those resulting from continuous reinforcement

Front 43

fixed- ratio scheduales

Back 43

the reinforcement comes after the the organism has emitted a fixed number of responses
ex: 10 bar presses - food

Front 44

variable- ratio scheduale

Back 44

the average number of responses between reinforcers is predetermined
# of bar presses varies- food

Front 45

fixed-interval scheduale

Back 45

a reinforcer is given for the first response made after a fixed period of time.
10 min.- food

Front 46

variable- interval scheduales

Back 46

average interval of reinforcement is predetermined

Front 47

shaping by successive approximations

Back 47

the reinforcement of any responses or actions that are close to the desired response ex: food for touching wall close to lever

Front 48

Hume

Back 48

accossionist principles of learning is common to humans and all animals

Front 49

Biological constraints on learning

Back 49

any limitations on learning imposed by a species' genetic endowment.

Front 50

Brelands

Back 50

same control of animal behavior inside lab can happen outside lab

Front 51

instinctual drift

Back 51

learned behavior drifts toward intstinctual behavior over time

Front 52

taste-aversion learning

Back 52

once a certain taste elicits a bad response- they will never eat it again

Front 53

Garcia

Back 53

first documented taste- aversion learning

Front 54

animal cognition

Back 54

the cognitive ablilities of animals evolved over time along with their physical forms

Front 55

Tolman

Back 55

rat- maze

Front 56

cognitive map

Back 56

rats responded to an internal representation of the overall layout of the maze

Front 57

observational learning

Back 57

a person behaves according to how they observed someone else behave

Front 58

Bandura

Back 58

founder of observational learning- bobo doll experiment

Front 59

best conditioning

Back 59

the CS precedes the UCS (bell before meat)

Front 60

worst conditioning

Back 60

the UCS precedes the CS (meat then bell)

Front 61

latent inhibition

Back 61

subject used to neutral stimulus (dog used to bells, bells won't work for conditioning)

Front 62

second order conditioning

Back 62

after dog is conditioned to bell, pair bell with light, dog salivates to light

Front 63

preparedness

Back 63

biological limits/boundaries (taste strong in animals - easy for taste aversion)

Front 64

characteristics of models that promote learning

Back 64

power, similarity, nurturance